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Graeco-Roman Cities, 2004.
An exploration of the distinctive, common characteristics of the cities of the Graeco-Roman world.
3,731 words (approx. 14.9 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 103.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the ancient and modern attitudes towards what is considered a city and then creates a 'model' based upon this discussion. It explores and compares the following features, in Greek, Roman and Hellenistic worlds: The concept of a relatively large, nucleated settlement, independence, autonomy and self-government, complex public space and buildings and identity. It also looks at the concepts of protective Gods and founding hero figures.
From the Paper
"As established Pausanias earlier rejection of the ?upstart? town, he advocated that he did not base any rejection on grounds of its small size. Aristotle concurs with this view of smallness, believing it to be a necessary condition - A great city is not to be confounded with a populous one. Babylon, to Aristotle, was a negation of a true city, a symbol of elephantiasis . Comparative demography of the modern Mediterranean has been used in league with average tribute assessments to ascertain the population of a region . Both cannot give us an absolute number of citizens for neither voting numbers take into account children, women and slaves nor can we be sure that they represent a typical turn out."
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Cleopatra: The Last Pharaoh, 2004.
A analysis of the rule of Cleopatra with a special focus on her personal life.
1,803 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
Cleopatra was an intelligent and powerful ruler, but she was also a woman. The paper tells the story of Cleopatra?s life, from her birth to her death, highlighting the most famous points of her life. The paper mostly concentrates on her love affairs with Julius Caesar and Mark Antony and her time as the queen of Egypt.
From the Paper
"When one hears the name Cleopatra one instantly thinks of a beautiful and powerful queen who ruled over Egypt with a firm hand. In reality, she was far from beautiful. On ancient coins she is depicted with a long, hooked nose and masculine features.1 Yet she was clearly a very seductive woman.2 She had an enchantingly musical voice and overwhelming charisma. She was also highly intelligent. She spoke nine languages and was the first pharaoh in the Ptolemy family who could actually speak Egyptian.3 Cleopatra was the last pharaoh of Egypt, but who was the actual woman behind the queen? Was she truly a powerful leader or did her lovers give her power?"
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Jewish Self-Government, 2004.
Extensive history of the Jewish people from the 7th century until present times.
4,283 words (approx. 17.1 pages), 19 sources, MLA, $ 113.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a thorough history of the Jewish people. Within this historical perspective, the paper emphasizes the form of self-government Jews practiced through the ages, the role religion played in their lives, and the persecution they suffered under different rulers. The paper covers Jewish history from the 7th century until the present day.
From the Paper
"For centuries, the Jews were not only a scattered and much-subjugated people, but also a much-despised and persecuted race. Hatred of the Jews, or anti-Semitism, dates back to their expulsion and dispersion from Palestine in the 7th century, down to contemporary times, because they were a sullen, unsociable and haughty people (Lazare 1998). Unlike other conquered races, which submitted to the conqueror?s laws and separated these laws from their religious beliefs, in adapting themselves to circumstances, the Jews did not and could not accept the laws of other nations, even their own conquerors. Neither was it conceivable to them to submit to conquerors."
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Greek and Roman Deities, 2004.
Discusses the similarities that existed between ancient Greek and Roman deities.
783 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
In ancient Greece and Rome, traditions, histories, and other elements of society were passed down as oral traditions from one generation to another. While ancient Greek culture predates Roman culture, the two cultures developed a degree of interaction and similarity between the peoples. The mythology of these two cultures reflected many of the ethical issues that were important in that time. This paper shows that it is not surprising, considering their close geographic proximity, that there was a certain degree of mixing of cultures and, consequently, mythology as well. The research explores the similarities and differences between Greek and Roman deities.
From the Paper
"Virgil wrote the Aeneid in the early Roman period, which was based largely on the Greek understanding of the gods and goddesses. However, he wrote characters that would appeal to the Roman social structure and ideology, and ?romanized? the Greek deities. His works were based on the Greek writer Homer, who portrayed Zeus and Hera as petty complainers. The Roman ideals would not allow for a noble complainer, therefore Virgil transformed Zeus and Hera into heroic Jupiter and an angry God Juno, who struck fear in the hearts of men."
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Food and Drink in Ancient Rome, 2004.
An in-depth look at the eating habits and dietary make-up of the ancient Romans.
16,650 words (approx. 66.6 pages), 53 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This dissertation discusses the culinary and food habits of the ancient Romans, with special emphasis on the history of wine, olives and olive oil, and bread and baking. The paper also examines typical recipes that provided for the early Roman cuisine. It includes numerous photographs, illustrations, and archaeological findings.
From the Paper
"As the flour milling techniques became more refined, the Romans began to produce top quality bread by singly finely milled wheat flour. This flour was called siligo. The bread that came from it was called Panis Siligineus. The first word means bread in Latin; the second denotes the type of grain from which the bread was made. There was another type of bread that could be considered an Egyptian import. This was called Alexandrian bread due to the crust that was created in Alexandria from local wheat. (Dl.ket.org, 2001)"
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?Black Athena? and ?Not Out of Africa?, 2004.
Discusses and compares these two works on African cultural archaeology.
1,048 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
Martin Bernal, author of ?Black Athena?, argues that numerous cultural achievements that are, by tradition, attributed to the ancient Greeks, are actually found in Africa, specifically, the Egyptians. Mary Lefkowitz, author of ?Not Out of Africa,? argues that Bernal?s findings and assumptions are incorrect. This essay examines both works and discusses the opposing views.
From the Paper
"Berlinerblau, in his review of Lefkowitz?s book, discusses the importance of academic inquiry unencumbered by political conerns (Berlinerblau Pp). Lefkowitz refers to Bernal as an armchair archaeologist. However, she is not the only critic of Bernal?s work (Berlinerblau Pp). Robert Palter writes, ?Bernal?s rhetoric is predicated, unwittingly?on ignorance and superficial understanding? (Berlinerblau Pp)."
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Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt, 2004.
An overview of the environment and development of Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt.
2,244 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper describes early life in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia and how the environment developed. The writer explains the significance of agriculture in bringing the people to live together in villages and sustain themselves from farming near the rivers and waterways. The paper includes details of recent archaeological discoveries in the area that support the claims.
From the Paper
"Since the early years of archeological studies, it was thought that these developments occurred concurrently, meaning that they were devised and utilized at approximately the same time; however, recent archeological research has forced this view to change, for it is now clear that "Mesopotamia and its environs were far ahead of Egypt, at least temporarily, some five thousand years ago" (Snell, 178). Numerous village/farming communities in present-day Iraq date back to the mid seventh millennium B.C.E., and the remarkable fortified town of Jericho appears to be even older. In Egypt, the oldest settlements, located near the delta of the Nile River, do not seem to have been founded much before 4500 B.C.E., and furthermore, an urban society like those found in Mesopotamia seems to have never developed there."
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Cleopatra, 2004.
A biographical analysis of Cleopatra.
1,058 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the life of one of the most famous rulers in history, Cleopatra. Specifically, it includes important facts of Cleopatra's life and her contribution to civilization. It shows how Cleopatra was one of the most legendary queens in history. She influenced Egypt's civilization in many ways and is still studied today, a testament to her lasting endurance as a monarch and celebrity.
From the Paper
"Cleopatra has been immortalized in film, on stage, and in print as a great woman ruler and lover. However, the truth of her story is far different than most of what is portrayed in fiction. Modern readers seem to think of Cleopatra as a sultry temptress, who ruled according to her whims, rather than her wit. However, many historians find this is not the case. John, Bishop of Nikiu in Upper Egypt in the 7th century AD called her "'the most illustrious and wise of women'" (Walker 6). Cleopatra's rule in Egypt would be the last of the famous Ptolemies, and her rule would mark historic changes in Egypt's and the world's history."
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Jewish History, 2004.
Historical account of the Jewish people beginning with the age of patriarchs.
2,403 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper traces the history of the Jewish people from the age of the patriarchs to when Abraham and his descendants were selected as the chosen people and to the nomadic period after the Jewish exodus from Egypt. The paper goes on to discuss the time that the Jewish people came to and lived in Israel after the exodus from Egypt, the time of King Solomon, the exile of the Jewish people from Israel, and the life of the Jewish people under Persian, Greek, and Roman rule. The paper concludes the historical account at the period just after the Romans crucified Jesus.
From the Paper
"The Hebrews do not actually appear in history until about 1224-1211 B.C.E. during the reign of Marniptah, king of Egypt (Ancient pg). Marniptah was the son of Raamses I, 1290-1223 B.CE, who is thought to be the kind of Egypt at the time of the Hebrew exodus (Ancient pg). In an account of Marniptah?s military campaign in Asia, 1220 B.C.E., inscribed in granite is listed all the conquered peoples including the Israelites, who are mentioned as ?now living in Canaan? (Ancient pg). Before this, the only history is that which was written by the Hebrews themselves who trace their origins to a ?single individual, Abraham, who comes originally from Mesopotamia? (Ancient pg). This pre-Egyptian Hebrew history is referred to as the age of the patriarchs, which means father-ruler (Ancient pg). More than a thousand years had passed before this era of history was written down, and although it is impossible to date, most scholars place it somewhere between 1950-1500 B.C.E. (Ancient pg)."
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Achilles Tendon, 2004.
An explanation of the Achilles tendon.
1,029 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by describing the Achilles tendon as the tough tissue that connects the calf muscles, also known as gastroenemius and the soleneus, to the heel bone, also known as calcaneus. The writer explains how this area came to be called by its name. The paper then shows how damage is sometimes caused to this tendon, and what treatments are used.
From the Paper
"Tendonitis and tendon rupture are characterized by swelling, tenderness and bruising. Sometimes, the tendon separates from the bone and that is not observed from X-rays. X-rays do help make a diagnosis if the rupture causes a part of the calcaneal bone to come away with the tendon. Complete rupture is characterized by a loud crack followed by inability to walk properly or rise on tiptoes. One of better known tests for complete rupture is the Thompson's test. In this test, the patient is asked to lie on his stomach on a flat surface with the feet unsupported (hanging off the table). When the calf is squeezed and the foot moves, it means that a complete rupture is unlikely. In some cases, a confirmatory test is necessary."
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