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Olduvai Gorge, 2001.
A paper on the palaeolithic site at Tanzania.
713 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 7 sources, $ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the findings from the site Olduvai Gorge. Despite the many years since the first discoveries, Olduvai remains an extremely important archaeological site. Debate over the significance of the Olduvai artifacts continues and new information may be revealed as new archaeological analysis techniques come into use.
From the Paper
"Olduvai Gorge has been described as the most important Palaeolithic site in Africa (Bray, 1970). Excavations of Olduvai, by Drs. Mary and Louis Leakey after 1931 [although conducted by Hans Reck prior to this (Ecco Homo, 1986)] unearthed a treasure of hominid fossils and stone tools (Potts, 1988). Oduvai has influenced views on evolution and shaped our ideas about the origins of human hunting and gathering (as well as cultural learning) behaviours. (Potts, 1988). Discoveries at Olduvai also include faunal remains, living floors and what is probably the oldest known human structure (Leakey, 1971)."
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Greek Vases, 2000.
An examination of the themes found on Greek vases in the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art.
1,185 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 4 sources, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Calyx-Krater vase found at the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art. The vase?s depiction of a scene and ideas from Homer?s "Iliad" is the focus of the paper. However, the history and coloring techniques of Greek vases are also discussed in detail. Illustrations are included with the paper.
From the Paper
"One of the best sources for Greek Mythology is the paintings on Greek Vases. Stories of the gods and heroes are retold again and again in this medium, providing a two dimensional visual reference for the legends. Scenes showing the action of Homeric poems were common, as well as scenes depicting the ideas put forth in these writings. It is the scene of Sarpedon?s death that is depicted, yet it is the idea of a hero?s death that is inferred on the Calyx-Krater of the Metropolitan Museum."
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The Israeli City of Ashkelon, 2000.
A look at its ancient past and its present archeology.
860 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 4 sources, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an overview of the history of ancient Ashkelon, located in present-day Israel, including details of archaeological finds.
From the Paper
"For nearly 5,000 years, Askelon was one of the great seaports of the Mediterranean, but today Askelon is a forgotten name outside of Israel. It was located on the trade routes that ran from Turkey and Syria to Egypt and was a major seaport as far back as 3500 B.C. 40 miles south of Tel Aviv, it was the capital of the Canaanite kings, harbor of the Philistines, and ?stomping grounds? of Sampson. "
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Akhenaten - The Heretic Pharaoh, 2008.
An examination of the life and beliefs of the pharaoh Amenophis IV, who renamed himself Akhenaten and changed the entire structure of Egyptian civilization during his reign from 1353 - 1336 B.C.
2,879 words (approx. 11.5 pages), 27 sources, APA, $ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the life and times of Amenophis IV, who replaced the polytheistic traditions of Egypt with the monotheistic cult of Aten soon after he succeeded his father as pharaoh. The writer describes the historical and religious background leading up to his changes and the cult of Aten in detail. The paper also describes the distinct and innovative form of art, known as Amarna art, that was initiated by Akhenaten, and many of the reliefs and sculptures that remain from this period, including several of his queen, Nefertiti. In addition, the paper explains how Horemheb systematically dismantled Aten's temples and shrines, effectively eliminating any trace of Akhenaten or his monotheistic cult. The writer concludes that Akhenaten remains to this day and perhaps always will be an enigma in Egyptian history.
Outline:
The Ascension of Amenophis IV
The One True God
New God, New Art
Nefertiti - "The Beautiful One is Come"
Erasing Akhenaten
Heretic or Genius?
From the Paper
"Amenophis IV, who by the end of his fifth year of reign had taken the name Akhenaten, initiated a vastly distinct form of art during his time as pharaoh, which has been designated as the "Amarna Period". Akhenaten's fervent devotion to a monotheistic religion was extremely evident in the various pieces of art from this period. There seems to be a direct correlation between the exclusive role of Aten, Akhenaten's sun-god, and that of the pharaoh, stressing Aten's unique position in Egyptian religion. Aten's names were written in cartouches, like those of the royal family, and the royal family was close to Aten to the point of monopolization. The king and queen were Aten's delegates, and it was only to them that Aten, portrayed as a sun-disc, extended its arm-like rays in reliefs and carvings."
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The Minoan Octopus Vase, 2008.
A detailed analysis and discussion of the Octopus Vase from Palaikastro, Crete.
1,957 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a formal art analysis and critique of the Octopus Vase as well as a discussion of the historical and cultural context of the art work. The author describes the vase in great detail and explains how the artist used intangible shapes, unbalanced lines, and unrefined contours to bring the octopus to life. The author discusses the historical background and artistic tradition behind the vase and concludes that it is a superb example of the Minoan culture and a beautiful and unique work of art in its drama, space, composition, motion, line, and style.
Outline:
Introduction
The Image
Formal Analysis
Style
Form
Space
Line
Composition
Motion
Pros of Material
Cons of Material
Pros of Technique
Cons of Technique
Drama
Historical and Cultural Context
Critique of the Artwork
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Minoan Octopus vase is a great example of art influenced by the Aegean culture. The vase is thought to have been made around 1500-1450 BCE of the Late Minoan IB phase. The influence of Minoan culture was prevalent throughout the island of Crete. Crete was the hub of business for wine and oils which were exported in pottery vases in exchange for food crops from the mainland. Because of Crete's position in the heart of the Mediterranean crops and plants were scarce; this is most likely the use ordained for the Octopus Vase."
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Human Evolution, 2008.
Describes human evolution beginning with the separation of hominids from anthropoids about 5-6 million years ago.
1,605 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, as human evolution progressed from the australopithecines to Homo sapiens, early man began to walk upright, use fire, tools and language and create culture. The author describes the main species known in the evolutionary tract but omits other intermediates for which very few fossils have been found. Of these know species, the paper discusses distinguishing characteristics, what type of tool culture they had, and if they had any type of socialization. The author presents briefly famous archaeological finds. Includes many figures.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Australopithecines
Homo
Homo Habilis
Homo Erectus/ Homo Ergaster
Homo Neanderthalensis
Homo Sapiens
Cro-Magnon
Homo Sapien Sapien
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The most famous Australopithecine fossil is Lucy. The A. afarensis fossils were found in Hader, Ethiopia and were about 40% complete, including bipedal kneecaps and molars and front teeth similar to humans rather than great apes. Another famous fossil find was the Taung infant, found by Raymond Dart in Taung, South Africa. The A. africanus fossil consisted of the face, mandible, and a natural endocast of the brain case. Another famous find was the set of three footprints in Laetoli, Tanzania, by Mary Leakey."
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Pharaoh Ramses II, 2008.
This paper describes the extraordinary reign of Pharaoh Ramses II of Egypt (c.1279-1212 BC), also known as Ramses the Great.
2,040 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Pharaoh Ramses II was a powerful ruler, a successful diplomat, a masterful publicist and prolific builder. The author points out that Ramses II, whose throne name was "Usi-ma-re Setepenre" ("Strong in right is Re, Chosen of Re"), was the third Egyptian pharaoh of the nineteenth dynasty. The paper includes a section of "Epic Poem of Pentaur" in which Ramses II describes the battle as a personal triumph under insurmountable odds against the Hittites. The author describes Ramesseum, a mortuary temple in Thebes, built by Ramses II as a memorial to praise forever his military and diplomatic achievements, and Pi-Ramses, modern Qantir, the great capital city. The paper relates that one of the major discoveries in Pi-Ramses occurred in the early twenty-first century when archaeologists unearthed a glass making workshop.
From the Paper
"Ramses II set out to recapture Kadesh, a strategically located city in Syria. Ramses II took his troops into the area of Kadesh. While traveling toward the city, he and his first two military divisions became separated from the remaining two divisions that lingered behind him. Two men who had met up with the Egyptian army provided intentionally false information to the Egyptians as to the location of the Hittite army. Believing that the Hittite troops were farther off than their actual location (while waiting for his remaining divisions to arrive) he moved his troops near the city and began to set up camp."
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Stele of Hammurabi, 2005.
A discussion of the ancient Babylonian stele of Hammurabi and the judicial codes enscribed upon it.
1,103 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the stele of Hammurabi and discusses the information that surrounds it and how it correlates with today's western society. The paper recounts the general history of the ancient Babylonian king, Hammurabi, paying particular attention to his codes protecting all classes of the Babylonian society, including women and slaves. The paper also addresses the social and judicial structures, many of which are outlined on the stele. The paper concludes that Hammurabi gave to the world not only a set of laws that ruled society and business, but also a tradition of the importance of justice under those laws. The paper includes an appendix, which provides a translation of the enscription on the stele of Hammurabi.
From the Paper
"Hammurabi's Code consists of 44 columns of text, 28 paragraphs, of which contain the actual code. There are 282 laws, possibly more have been rubbed off, that probably amended common Babylonian law rather than define it. The code describes regulations for legal procedure, fixed rates on services performed in most branches of commerce and describes property rights, personal injury, and penalties for false testimony and accusations. The code has no laws regarding religion."
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The Alfred Jewel, 2008.
A discussion of the history, purpose and significance of the Alfred Jewel.
1,553 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Alfred Jewel, its design, purpose and significance. It explains that this jewel was the first Anglo-Saxon artifact ever to be found on British territory and that it is one of the most renowned objects to remain intact from Anglo-Saxon England, and is typically linked with Alfred the Great, king of the West Saxons from 871-99. The paper looks at the various interpretations of the design in the enamel of the jewel. The paper also explores the different theories on the supposed purpose of the Jewel. The paper also explains how the Alfred Jewel landed up in the Ashmolean Museum in England.
From the Paper
"Since the jewel was discovered, there has been much speculation as to what purpose it was meant to serve. One theory is that the jewel was a symbol of office, either of Alfred or of one of his officials (Roberts). Alfred wholeheartedly devoted himself to providing his people with a valuable understanding of many subjects. Many scholars believe that the image carved into the enamel of the Alfred Jewel is mean to portray Christ as the embodied form of Wisdom of god (Hinton 51). It is common for objects from the Anglo-Saxon period to be adorned with explicitly Christian objects. Alfred had aspirations to use his own virtue and wisdom to acquire authority. Given that Alfred perceived power in such a manner, he might have considered the Alfred Jewel to be representative of worldly office."
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Gendered Grave Goods, 2005.
Contrasts three Anglo-Saxon inhumations by examining gendered grave-goods in order to learn how this portrayal of the feminine gender through grave-goods sheds light on the culture of a woman and her community.
3,379 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 96.95
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Abstract
The paper explores the portrayal of the feminine gender through grave-goods and the light these grave-goods shed on the culture of a woman and her community. The paper examines three contrasting inhumations, one Saxon, one Anglian and one Kentish, in order to compare and contrast these different cultures and communities. The paper discusses the revelations of contrasting styles of dress, varying roles played by women, such as weavers, wives and mothers and the status afforded to the Anglo-Saxon woman through the fulfilment of these roles.
From the Paper
"In order to consider what is meant here by 'gendered grave-goods', it is first important to consider what is referred to by 'gender'. The term 'gender' is usually differentiated from the term 'sex' in that 'sex relates specifically to the biological, physical characteristics which make a person male or female at birth, whereas gender refers to the behaviours associated with members of that sex.' Sex, then, is defined biologically, and gender, culturally. Crawford says of the grave-goods associated with the pagan Anglo-Saxon inhumation ritual, that '[t]he clearest message conveyed [...] was the sex of the deceased', the sharp contrast between the '[w]eapons, including spears, shields and swords' almost exclusively found in male burials and the jewellery that is associated with female burials serving to highlight the very different types of goods used to symbolise the male and female sexes. Stoodley emphasises the contrast between masculine and feminine symbolism further still in his comment that the jewellery of the female inhumation ritual is not only an indication of the female sex, but is also involved in 'the creation of a feminine gender'."
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