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Illegal Aliens, 2008.
This paper looks at arguments surrounding undocumented foreign nationals in the U.S.
1,512 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the arguments surrounding the issue of undocumented foreign nationals, or illegal aliens, in the United States are intense. The issues reflect a broad spectrum of topics such as medical services and health risks posed by illegal aliens; crime; education; jobs; unemployment; Social Security and disability benefits. Some of the issues are ones that are peripheral to that of illegal aliens, like globalization and open borders. However, at some point even the peripheral issues merge, and the focus rests with the problem of undocumented individuals, who have entered the United States illegally, and what rights, if any, they have; and what to do about the problem. This paper examines some of these issues, resolutions and potential outcomes.
Outline:
Introduction
Existing Problems
References
From the Paper
"The existing problems posed by undocumented individuals crossing America's southern border into the United States illegally is a serious one. First, the geographical locations from which they traveling across to enter the United States, are third world countries in South America. Those countries have poor infrastructures - if they did not, most of their citizens would be content to remain in those countries. The poor infrastructure means that there is inadequate housing, nutrition, education, and public services, like sanitation, immunization, and medical care available to the citizens of those countries - most notably, Mexico. What this means to the United States is that illegals crossing into the country pose a potential threat to the citizens of the United States by way of infectious diseases."
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Students' Access to Birth Control Services, 2008.
An argument in favor of providing access to birth control to teenage students in an effort to reduce teen pregnancy rates.
3,756 words (approx. 15.0 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 103.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that today's teenager, whether in senior high school or middle school, should be given access to confidential health care - e.g., condoms and prescription birth control - in order to reduce the rate of teen pregnancy and to avoid the physical and psychological ramifications of pregnancy. It discusses the problem of teens' sexual activity levels and various initiatives that have been tried in the past to reduce the incidence of teen pregnancy.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Literature Review
From the Paper
"In Texas, when George W. Bush was governor, he endorsed legislation that now requires schools to teach "abstinence as the 'preferred choice' for unmarried young people." It's clear that the Bush initiative has not succeeded to the level that it was hoped for. Meantime, when comparing California and Texas, one has to understand the universe of difference in approaches to social issues and problems. For example, first look at the data between the two states; in California the teen birth rate (2004, latest statistics available) is now at 39 per 1,000 girls between ages 15-19. That is down from 74 births per 1,000 in 1991. In Texas, the 1991 mark was 78 births per 1,000 girls (ages 15-19) and in 2004 that Texas data changed only slightly, to 63 births per 1,000 teenaged girls."
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Terrorism and the Global Economy, 2008.
This paper explores the effects of terrorism on the global economy since September 11th.
2,729 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the state of the world economy both before and after the September 11th terrorist attack in order to evaluate if there is a significant economic change after accounting for other, usual, economic factors. The paper reveals that while the economic effects of September 11th were large and varied, they were incredibly small when weighed against the total productive capacity of the world economy. The paper does point out, however, that the idea that terrorism represents an incredible economic risk is a strong incentive for investors to shift capital away from regions that are afflicted with terrorism. The paper therefore calls for the perception of the dangers of terrorism be minimized.
From the Paper
"Without question, terrorism has dramatic and significant impacts. The human cost can be high, and the damage can be extensive depending on the target and the method. However, it is unclear to some degree whether or not terrorism has a palpable impact on the global economy. Certainly, there are immediate economic impacts at the site of the terrorist attack and these effects will be felt in that region. However, the degree to which a terrorist attack is capable of impacting the global economy is less certain. Commonsense tells us that major acts of terrorism will impact the global economy, but commonsense is not necessarily the best indicator of financial effects."
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How Lawful? How Fair?, 2008.
This paper delves into educational law and studies affirmative action and discrimination in employment.
3,400 words (approx. 13.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 96.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the issue of affirmative action and discusses its fairness. The writer first explains that affirmative action consists of positive steps to increase the representation of certain groups in employment, education or business where they have been historically excluded. These steps involve preferential selection according to race, gender or ethnicity. The writer maintains that part of the rightness and the fairness of affirmative action must be its moral authority. The writer then discusses the concept of affirmative action as a method to address and close the racial gap. The writer describes affirmative action as corrective justice and looks at two affirmative action cases.
From the Paper
"Corrective justice is different from the fair distribution of goods, according to philosopher Jules Coleman.
It compensates deprived groups for previous losses to gains unfairly obtained by others through government action. It seeks out interventions, which would repair past unjust decisions. But advocates must contend with matters involving fairness and legitimacy. So far, they have not come up with clear and defensible principles to match the arguments and rhetoric of opponents. Advocates have developed only broad claims for compensation for a long history of slavery, segregation and other forms of racism. Their reasoning is usually less developed and convincing than that of their opponents. Their theory has been hardly articulated, much less defined. Even their arguments in the Supreme Court have been one-sided and cannot pit strength with the sharp, tried and pragmatic position of their opponents."
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Death Penalty and Race, 2008.
This paper explores the implications of racial prejudice on the death penalty.
4,704 words (approx. 18.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 121.95
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Abstract
The paper takes the position against the death penalty and examines the theoretical models of criminal justice known as criminal justice as oppression. The paper explores the contention of many that the application of the death penalty is itself discriminatory and unfair to minorities. The paper looks at many studies that prove the effects of racial bias on the application of the death penalty.
Outline:
Introduction
Criminal Justice as Oppression
Capital Punishment
Ongoing Debate
Outcome for Capital Punishment
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Arguments have raged for decades about the use of capital punishment in the United States, with some holding that there is a need for society to express its disapproval for certain acts by ending the life of the convicted person, while others see this as an act outside the boundaries of what a civilized society should do. The discussion can be much more complex, beginning with assumptions about why the death penalty is used at all, how well these reasons can be supported, how likely it is that a mistake will be made, and so on. Fairness is always an issue in these discussions, referring to fairness to the accused, fairness to the victim, and even fairness to society at large and to any future victims if a murderer is free to kill again."
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Terrorist Attack on the U.S.: Beirut, 1983, 2008.
A discussion of the terrorist attack on the U.S. Marine compound at Beirut Airport in 1983.
5,477 words (approx. 21.9 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 134.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the attack on the U.S. Marines in Beirut in 1983 that would begin a new era of terrorism. The author provides a detailed description of the historical and political background of this event as well as related attacks on U.S citizens in the Middle East. The author describes terrorist organizations and other threats to the U.S. in the area and the decisions made by the U.S. to counter them while protecting the Marines at the same time. The author theorizes what may have happened had either Harry S. Truman or George W. Bush been president at the time of the attack, and concludes that this episode in American history serves as a learning tool for future administrations, in how to balance the immediate needs of safety for our troops and the long-term needs of safety for the nation's democracy.
Outline:
Introduction
Factual Summary of Events
Deliberation and Debate Within the United States Government
The Threat
U.S. Responses
Comparative Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The bombing of the Marine barracks in Beirut would place the United States between a rock and a hard place. If they continued with the peacekeeping strategy that had brought them to Lebanon, they were surely to be targeted again. If they left the area, they would be abandoning some of their best allies. And, if they stepped up their position and waged war on those responsible, they might negatively affect other tenuous relationships in the Middle East, while increasing the danger for their troops. In the end, it would be a decision that would be heavily debated and still questioned more than twenty years later."
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Withdrawing From Iraq, 2008.
This paper explores the effects of a potential withdrawal of American forces currently deployed in Iraq.
1,064 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the effect a withdrawal would have on the Iraqi people and asserts that it would not be a humanitarian act, since the Iraqis would be left at the mercy of violent forces. The paper looks at the perspective of the United States and explains how a withdrawal would be harmful to the US' international image. The paper asserts that there is much to be done in Iraq that can not be accomplished in a short period of time. The paper believes that the American soldier is still the best representative of Americans on the front line. Some source material is appended to the paper.
Outline:
Introduction
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The pressure is on to bring American troops home from Iraq (Western Mail, 2005, p. 10). Bringing the troops home would seal the fate of the Republican party, as being responsible for the chaos in Iraq and allowing the U.S. to become mired in yet another military occupation that has, and will continue, to exact an overwhelming burden on U.S. resources. It would render the opposition party, Democrats, in a position to win the 2008 elections with a sweeping victory. Americans, like the English are war weary and tired of the struggle (Ackerman, Spencer, 2006, p. 34). But it would spell disaster for Iraq and the Middle East and for the relationship between the U.S. and Middle Eastern countries."
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American Troop Deaths and Refined Oil Prices, 2008.
An examination of the relationship between American troop deaths in Iraq and US refined oil prices.
1,474 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes percentage increases or decreases in American troop deaths against movement in petroleum oil prices during the same months. It then introduces a one- and two-month lag to allow petroleum markets to react to troop deaths. The paper concludes that increases or decreases in troop deaths typically do not have the same effect on oil prices, and may even have a reverse effect. The paper contains tables and graphs.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
The Immediate Effect
One- and Two-Month Lags
Conclusion
From the Paper
"By analyzing a two-month lag, we are left with 15 data points. In only six of the 15 months did refined petroleum prices move, two months later, in the same direction as troop casualty figures (See Table 1 and Graph 1). The three months with the largest increases in troop casualties (145.2 percent in April 2006; 60 percent in December 2006; and 51.2 percent in August 2006), were only followed two months later by an increase in refined petroleum prices once -- in February 2007. Of the nine months analyzed where at least a 20 percent change in troop deaths occurred, only four times was there similar movement in refined petroleum prices two months later. Interesting enough, in three of the five months where at least a 30 percent change in troop deaths occurred, refined petroleum prices moved in the same direction two months later. While this allows for an argument that refined petroleum prices, with a two month lag, can be influenced by movements in troop deaths that exceed a certain trigger point, the argument is far from convincing. After all, the overall correlation between troop deaths and refined petroleum prices after a two month lag is weak, and at the 20 percent trigger mark, refined petroleum prices moved in sync less than half the time."
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Climate Change, 2008.
An illustration of science and skepticism when referring to climate change modeling.
1,761 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
The paper analyzes the positions of two researchers who are opposed on their views of climate change. The paper specifically considers their positions in light of several significant differences the two have, primarily on the issue of computer modeling. The paper notes that S. Fred Singer, an atmospheric physicist at George Mason University, when referring to global warming, argues that "the scenarios are alarmist, computer models reflect real gaps in climate knowledge, and future warming will be inconsequential or modest at most". The paper comments that the opposer is Tom Wigley, a climatologist and senior scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research who commands a wide array of evidence to support his claims regarding climate change. The paper considers the position of each on the issues of computer modeling and the potential impact of climate change, drawing on outside research to demonstrate which position has the greater likelihood of being correct.
From the Paper
"The issue is that when we are dealing with models that work on systemic averages, there is a certain degree of uncertainty and ambiguity built into the model itself. Climate change skeptics like Singer immediately prey upon this uncertainty. He argues that the models are too ambiguous and seemingly contra-dictory to warrant our support. Different models produced by different scientists to account for different data sets cannot even necessarily agree on the same things, therefore the models cannot be trusted. Singer even goes so far as to im-ply that we cannot trust the scientists who construct these models because they could tweak the models to produce the results they want, seemingly in order to impress their climate change colleagues and ensure funding for other projects. Of course, such a claim borders on slanderous and cannot be rightfully considered a mark in favor of Singer's position. Wigley responds generally, "Cooking the books would be a concern if that was what scientists were apt to do. But I don't think scientists generally behave that way". In fact, if we accept that scientists will do anything to ensure their next paycheck, then the integrity of the scientific process is lost and claims by all scientists--Singer in-cluded--cannot be trusted."
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DNA Identification of Mass Fatalities, 2008.
A look at the importance of DNA analysis, particularly after mass fatalities occur.
4,910 words (approx. 19.6 pages), 18 sources, APA, $ 124.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how DNA analysis is carried out and its importance in certain circumstances. It particularly deals with the trauma of 9/11 and explains the advantages that DNA had over other identification methods in such a scenario. The author has included references to several studies that have been carried out as well as a diagram depicting human chromosomes and other tables of interest.
Outline:
Introduction
The aftermath of the terrorist attack on the Twin Towers
How important is DNA evidence in this case?
Will everyone get identified?
Restrictions on how DNA evidence can be used
Fragment sizes
Decomposing DNA
How does the analysis get proper resource and funding?
DNA management
Source of DNA samples
Using Identification Number on the site
Storing into the database
How DNA analysis (methods) can be utilized in making identification
DNA Extraction
DNA amplification and analysis (PCR)
Mitochondrial DNA
Single nucleotide polymorphism
Short Tandem Repeat analysis
Identifying victims
Probability ratio in linking to the victims
Linking victims using relatives and family member's DNA
Limitation of modern technology
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"The deaths of thousands of innocent people can traumatize an entire nation, and this was the case on September 11, 2001 when terrorists attacked the World Trade Center and Pentagon. According to Gonzalez, Schofield and Schmitt (2006), "On September 11, 2001, 2,792 people were killed in terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center (WTC) in New York City. The number of victims, the condition of their remains, and the duration of the recovery effort made the identification of the victims the most difficult ever undertaken by the forensic community in this country" (p. 3). The use of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as a means of providing virtually positive identification of victims of mass disasters is of fairly recent origin having been introduced about 50 years ago, but the impetus is on to use these techniques for a wider range of forensic applications. For example, during the 1990s, a number of states began to develop DNA identification programs, and in 1993, the FBI implemented CODIS, a national program designed to (a) support federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies in their creation of a population statistical database; (b) improve DNA forensic analysis methods; and (c) to serve humanitarian purposes such as the identification of missing persons or the human remains from mass disasters (Lyon, 2002). The FBI in particular favored the development of the CODIS application based on its "productivity and efficiency," but former director of the FBI crime laboratory John Hicks described the computer databank as "nothing more than an information management and screening tool" (Hoeffel, 1990, p. 527). The former director also indicated, though, that he expected that the initiative would ". . . save time and effort, and courts will have fewer cases to process because investigations can be better focused and coordinated" (FBI, 1991, p. 37). The CODIS application links the DNA profiles of convicts gathered by scattered state law enforcement DNA labs, encourages uniform standards, and pools DNA data to facilitate identification of criminals across borders (Lyon, 2002). The thirteen DNA sites used in the CODIS database are illustrated in Figure 1 below."
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