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The Genetic Research Debate, 2008.
A presentation of the genetic research debate with a focus on the positive aspects of genetic research.
962 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses and analyzes the topic of genetic research in the United States. It discusses the debate over the morality and ethics involved in genetic research and presents both sides of the argument. The paper specifically focuses on the benefits of genetic research and concludes that science should be free to pursue genetic research, which could have enormous benefits to humanity.
From the Paper
"Genetic research shows promise in other areas, as well. Genetic testing is a new form of medicine that uses genetics to look for defects and propensity for certain diseases even before a baby is born. If the baby is found to suffer from some kind of terminal illness or disease, the baby can be aborted before it is born, alleviating needless suffering in both child and parent. In addition, these genetic tests can tell if a person shares harmful genes that could lead to diseases such as cancer, and in some cases, early diagnoses of these diseases can lead to early treatment and a much better chance of recovery. There are also tests available that a person can send to a lab for analysis, but most doctors do not believe these tests are in the patient's best interest, because they could get the results, jump to the wrong conclusions, and make poor or even harmful decisions. A doctor notes, "[M]edical geneticists and genetic counselors must be available both to advise patients and to educate other health professionals about the value and interpretation of genetic tests" (Kahn). Genetic testing can make a difference in the lives of many people, and it can help diagnose diseases today that may be treatable tomorrow. Genetic testing is just another example of why genetic research is vital to this country and the world, and why science should be free to perform genetic research at all levels of scientific discovery."
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Anthropological Arguments for Animal Rights, 2008.
A discussion on animal rights activism.
860 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses animal rights activism, explaining how the subject raises many different issues with equally diverse underlying philosophies ranging from biblical principles, religion, objective ethics, as well as anthropological arguments about what specific qualities and attributes make us human. From the scientific perspective, we now possess the tools and technological capabilities to understand that Homo sapiens differs from other mammals strictly in degree rather than in kind.
Outline:
Introduction
Defining what Makes Homo Sapiens Sapiens "Human" (and what Does Not)
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Animal rights activism raises many different issues with equally diverse underlying philosophies ranging from biblical principles, religion, objective ethics, as well as anthropological arguments about what specific qualities and attributes make us human. From the scientific perspective, we now possess the tools and technological capabilities to understand that Homo sapiens sapiens differs from other mammals strictly in degree rather than in kind.
"Nevertheless, most animal activist rhetoric focuses on identifying specific attributes as characteristically human upon which arguments for animal rights are based. Extremist groups like People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) go even further, suggesting that all animals be entitled to the same rights as people and that every
form of animal food, clothing, and ownership be abolished. Even more disturbing is that some animal rights terrorists also subscribe to the reciprocal of that concept, arguing that human beings are entitled to no greater rights than those we give animals, justifying the endangerment of human lives in terrorist attacks on research facilities housing animals."
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DNA Science, 2008.
Looks at the discovery, relevance and controversies surrounding DNA science.
1,285 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Francis Crick and James Watson are the only names associated with the discovery of the DNA molecule; however, many scientists were involved. The author points out that the technological applications of DNA-science have led to a wide variety of advances in crop production, livestock development, forensic sciences, law enforcement, paternity testing and practically limitless therapeutic medical uses. The author then discusses the latest and most controversial DNA-based research - stem cell science. The author of the paper contends that the primary impetus for the opposition to stem cell research from religious beliefs as well as their intrusion into secular law and bioethics, represents an entanglement of church and state in violation of U.S. constitutional principles.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Background and History of Discovery
Technological Relevance of DNA Science
Modern Applications of DNA Science
Ethical Controversies
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In addition to providing the organs themselves, stem cell technology will also revolutionize the entire organ transplant field by eliminating the need for careful screening and tissue matching, and especially, for anti-rejection drugs. Presently, organ transplantation - whether from living donors or cadavers - requires the recipient to take powerful anti-rejection medications to suppress the body's natural response to foreign tissue, usually for life. Immune-system suppression are a necessary and worthwhile consequence of foreign organ implantation, but only because the alternative is premature death."
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The Rise of Islam, 2008.
This paper explores the religion of Islam in light of the radical Islamic organizations of today.
2,968 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the origins and rise of Islam as well as the history of the glorious city of Baghdad in 800 CD. The paper explores why the rise of Islam is manifested through the actions of violent extremists like the Taliban and al-Qaeda. The paper seeks to determine how the concepts of war and killing are spawned by and driven from religious teachings.
Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
Today's Radical Islamists Use Religion to Promote Terror
Interpretation of Facts and Research
From the Paper
"The purpose of this paper is to explore and review the rise of Islam, which began many centuries before the emergence of today's most visible and tyrannical radical Islamic organizations, the Taliban and al Qaeda. But for many citizens who are interested in Islam, but also weary of the threat of terrorism - and who cringe with each new suicide bomber's bloodletting in Iraq, Pakistan, Israel, Lebanon and elsewhere - the Taliban and al Qaeda are the only words and images that come to mind when the word "Islam" or "Muslim" are mentioned. These same millions of people read and hear about the terrible violence, bloodshed and civil strife in Baghdad and they likely know little else about this once great city."
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The Iran Hostage Crisis, 2008.
This paper discusses the Iran hostage crisis and looks at the effect it had on the Carter presidency.
2,422 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that the 'Iran hostage crisis' refers to the events following the seizure of the American embassy in Iran on November 1979 by militant students during which 52 U.S. diplomats were held hostage with the Iranian regime's consent for 444 days in contravention of all diplomatic norms. The writer notes that the crisis had a profound effect on US-Iran relations reverberations of which can still be felt today in a highly strained relationship. The writer discusses that it also influenced the domestic politics of both countries in no uncertain terms: helping the radical Iranian clergy led by Ayatollah Khomeini to consolidate its power in the early days of the Iranian Islamic Revolution, and contributing to a large extent in the decisive defeat of President Jimmy Carter in the November 1980 US Presidential elections. This paper gives the background and a brief overview of the crisis, analyzes its causes and explains the effect it had on the Carter Presidency.
Outline:
Background
The Embassy Take-over
Surprise for the Americans
Options for the Carter Administration
The Effect on Carter's Popularity
The Disastrous Rescue Attempt
The October Surprise
From the Paper
" The actual seizure of the American Embassy took place on the morning of November 4, 1979 that had been proclaimed as the National Students Day to honor the students who had been gunned down by the Shah's police the previous year. Thousands of students gathered outside the embassy shouting the customary anti-Shah and anti-US slogans and at first, it seemed to be a customary demonstration which had become a routine since the Iranian Revolution until a large group of students poured through the main gate of the compound and started to scale the embassy walls. Despite the best efforts of the embassy staff to prevent the takeover, the students soon overwhelmed the sixty-five Americans inside the embassy and took them hostage. Even though both the captors and the hostages had expected the seizure to be a short-term affair, the crisis proved to be a long-drawn out affair that lasted for more than a year and was mainly responsible for reducing the Carter presidency to a single term."
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Women in Combat, 2008.
Examines the role women play in combat in the United States military and the implications of women in combat roles.
1,665 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, when women first entered the American military, they were not intended to play a role in combat but rather to be behind the scenes in non-combat oriented roles, such as purchasing. The author stresses that women in combat in the Iraq war has blurred gender lines and forever changed the face of the American military. The paper states that feminists and supporters of women's rights hail women in combat roles as a necessary step in gaining full equality for women. However, as the paper relates, the research indicates that women in combat in the United States military are still a contentious issue.
From the Paper
"One situation that might allow women in combat is the formation of all-women units. In these units, many of the criticisms of women in combat could be alleviated. For example, a woman would probably be able to lift or carry another woman to safety, and they would not face harassment or sexual situations from male soldiers in an all-female unit. In addition, an all-female unit would tend to be more understanding about monthly menstruation and other female health issues, which would effectively negate many of the issues that opponents of women in combat often cite."
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Toward the Future, 2008.
A discussion on the emerging and future field of eco-psychology that also may be alluded to as environmental psychology.
2,540 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This writer sees the world changing in part due to extreme temperature changes. The writer points out that anyone up to date and paying attention can see the ongoing degradation of animal habitat and the ongoing loss of plant and animal species; there are the realities of deforestation, desertification, and it appears there are increasingly high-powered natural events like hurricanes caused by climate change that are disrupting human lives. The approach for this paper is to review existing research in scholarly journals that embrace issues and ideas - along with attitudes and emotions - relevant to eco-psychology and humans interacting in changing ways to the changing planet. In conclusion, the responsibility for educating people of all ages falls on schools, communities, political leaders, and mostly importantly, it falls on the shoulders of families. The writer maintains that more families should turn the television off and have discussions about what is being written in magazines, newspapers, and other publications about the fragile condition this earth is truly in at this moment in history.
Outline:
Introduction
Article One:"Thinking About The Future: A Psychological Analysis," Tonn, Bruce E., & Conrad, Fred
Personal Reaction to the Article
Article Two: Effects of Brief Wilderness Programs in Relation To Adolescents' Race - Pamela M. Orren and Paul D. Werner
Article Three: Situational Influences upon Children's Beliefs about Global Warming and Energy. Patrick Devine-Wright, Hannah Devine-Wright and Paul Fleming
Article Four:Psychotherapy of the Lived Space: A Phenomenological and
Ecological Concept - Thomas Fuchs
Article Five:Attitudes to Environmental Education in Poland - Kobierska, Hanna, Tarabula-Fietak, Marta, & Grodzinska-Jurczak
Summary of Articles
From the Paper
"It is encouraging to know that so many young people are becoming aware of the challenges of global warming, and of the need to preserve what is left of the natural world. But it is somewhat troubling to learn that only a small portion of people (those with education and who are well-employed) are thinking about the future in a big-picture framework. The fact that most kids in Poland get their environmental information from television and not from home is also troubling; and knowing that attitudes about the wilderness are not significantly altered when young people go into the woods on overnights is worrisome. Overall it would appear there is much work to be done when it comes to educating people (young and old) about the ramifications of climate change."
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Surrogated Motherhood, 2008.
This paper looks at whether surrogate motherhood should be either banned or regulated by law.
4,042 words (approx. 16.2 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 109.95
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Abstract
This paper mainly discusses in- vitro fertilization and surrogate pregnancies that are contracted, in which case the surrogate mother is usually a contracted person, with no link to the donors. In the case of contracted surrogate pregnancies, there is no way to judge the health of the surrogate mother and no regulation to see that the medical fraternity does not use the persons who are infected by diseases that could be passed to the infant. This paper affirms that laws must therefore be passed in such a manner that voluntary surrogate mothers are screened, identified and certified in such a manner that the resultant infant is not traumatized by diseases. The donors must be similarly screened. Furthermore, this paper looks at the idea of commercialization, within surrogate pregnancies. Namely it discusses the free market and the prostitution model. While some surrogate mothers do agree for altruistic reasons, where there is a demand, there will be a commercial supply. Since such children are at risk of being abandoned and neglected by the surrogate mother as well as by the donors, it is considered to be the duty of the state to enact laws to make sure that the donors, the surrogate mother and the genetic material are all fine to prevent deformities. In cases where such deformities do occur, the law must make the donor parents responsible for the child. Also, this paper asserts that there must also be a prohibition of payment for surrogate motherhood.
Outline:
Introduction
The Definition of Surrogate Motherhood
Adoption, Surrogate Motherhood - The Contrasts and Commonalities
The Arguments Favoring Regulation and Ban
The Arguments Against the Ban
Legal Problems
The Legal Controls Ought to be Set
Current Global Situation
Conclusion
From the Paper
"It is well if the resultant child is perfect what is the case if the child is born with deformities? What if it is liability? The management and care of such babies have legal moral and ethical implications. What is the relationship between the woman and the child in such cases at childbirth? For example the simple case of a low weight baby and in the case of mentally and physically challenged babies born to surrogate mothers, what will be the position and who shoulders the painful task? In the United States the Federal Government intervenes. In the UK the problem is ignored or the issue is glossed over. (Lee; Morgan, 1990) Judges have been sentencing mothers for not caring for the children in the womb. There have been cases of sentences handed down to mothers who consumed drugs and passed it on to the baby in the womb. Fetal neglect is now culpable. This shows that the state is concerned more and more with the unborn child and its welfare. The issue of in vitro fertilization and the knowledge of in genital illnesses are changing the perceptions of the society and the prevailing values are being modified. (Blank, 1992)
"The commoditization of sexuality has brought in the prospect of baby selling and prostitution. Poor women and even affluent ones are not above selling babies in the black market. The baby for sale has all its features added up to its price. The better suited ones getting the better price. The participants tend to market the baby in the fashion of a commodity and that is where the question of the babies with deformities and their fate steps in. There is likely to be more feticide and infanticide. The issue of 'Baby selling' drags down humanity considerations. (Warren, 1991) Originally surrogate mother hood was not a baby selling proposition. Yet today it has assumed the features of baby selling. Just as prohibition of payment exists for adoption, there must also be a prohibition of payment for surrogate motherhood. The courts sometimes have applied the baby sale acts to bar surrogate motherhood."
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Public Safety and Privacy Analysis, 2008.
This paper provides an assessment of disaster planning and preparation post-9/11.
1,122 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that in the aftermath of 9/11, disaster planning and preparation was seen as increasingly critical for both public and private enterprises. The writer points out that since then, efforts by federal and state governments to deal with crisis management have spanned the sublime to the ridiculous. The writer discusses that while some reforms have had a positive impact, at other times state and local governments have had to learn from their mistakes at tremendous financial cost to their departments and tremendous cost to the citizens suffering the disasters.
From the Paper
"One might call this a large-scale, federally sanctioned version of Titanic-style planning where there were not enough 'lifeboats' to carry all of the lives of the potential passengers in case of a wreck.
"To remedy the flaws in the emergency response system post-Katrina, a new operations center was created to give streaming-video updates from first responders in FEMA disaster areas and factory outposts with FEMA supplies were stocked with enough food and water to sustain one million people for a week all over the country. Officials met with disaster-management representatives from all of the states and seventy-five of the largest urban areas to evaluate evacuation plans for before and after major storms. They also increased and improved drills in areas likely to be impacted by hurricanes."
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Illegal Immigration In America, 2008.
A discussion of some arguments from those who are for and against illegal immigration.
865 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the blocking of illegal immigration in the USA. The paper explains that the last few decades have seen a rise in the illegal immigrant population of the United States, and the line has been drawn in the sand between those against and those for illegal immigration. The writer suggests that before any discussion is made on whether we need more laws to combat illegal immigration, the question perhaps should be that existing laws should and must be implemented. The writer then points out that despite the existence of illegal immigration laws, the divide amongst the pros and the cons are still heavy. From the legal point of view, curbing illegal immigration should be done because it simply is against the law, and the moral point of view is otherwise and goes against the ethical principle of helping humanity.
From the Paper
"The United States has always been seen by most outsiders as the "land of milk and honey." Couple this with what they see in Hollywood movies as the "American dream." Indeed, the United States can be a land where one could fulfill your dreams and hopes. But like anything else, there are limits to how far dreams could be reached or how many could avail of that opportunity."
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