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Hate Crimes, 2007.
This paper discusses informed consent, deception and research into controversial subjects, focusing on hate crimes.
1,600 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper refers to an important topic of social science ethics in how research projects are presented to subjects regarding controversial subjects, in this case, attitudes towards the victims of hate crimes, as members of racial minorities, or as gay or lesbian victims. The writer notes that in C.J. Lyons' study of 2006, "Stigma or Sympathy? - Attribution of Fault to Hate Crime Victims and Offenders" one finds reference to other studies on similar questions indicating that racist attacks were more condemned than those affecting gays or lesbians. The writer points out that if Lyons' research is accurate, educated attitudes towards gays and lesbians are not as accepting as might be assumed. The writer maintains that, as this paper ventures, much depends on how questions are presented to study participants or what they understand a study's purpose or hypotheses to be.
Outline:
Introduction
Method, Observations and 'Findings'
Implications
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
"Lyons is a young scholar of crime and deviance, inter-group conflict, stratification and urban sociology whose work tends to be claimed by Social Psychology. His doctoral research centered on inter-racial hate crimes in Chicago. Of importance is how non-involved parties respond to incidents of hate crime and matters of contrast in reactions that brought into view lesser concern for hate crimes affecting homosexuals. It is implied that American attitudes have come to denounce racially motivated hate crimes, in direct sympathy for victims, while gay and lesbian victims may face indifference and further stigma. Perpetrators of crimes against persons of a different race were denounced but Lyons perceived that this was not as true when victims were gays or lesbians with far more questions regarding events, initial responses to insults, or how gay or lesbian victims engaged in disputes with persons to utter anti-gay remarks or threats."
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Discrimination in Labor, 2007.
This paper discusses the issue of discrimination against women in the Canadian labor market.
1,545 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that some people today might think that women are no longer discriminated against in the workplace. After all, the writer points out that there is a Bill of Rights that prohibits discrimination against women in all arenas, including the workplace. However, this essay argues that there is still discrimination against women in the workplace. The writer explains that this is true with regard to the types of jobs women are able to get, as well as the wages they are able to earn, working conditions and wrongful dismissal compensation, among other aspects. The writer concludes that this is true despite a plethora of legislature and court rulings that have attempted to correct the situation.
From the Paper
"Moreover, with regard to the crucial matters of finding a good job and earning decent wages, the evidence clearly shows that women are still disadvantaged relative to men. The fact that there is still a substantial wage gap is demonstrated by the findings of a comprehensive Workplace and Employee Survey (WES) which was conducted in 1999. The WES clearly and indisputably showed that women were still earning much less than men. Overall, women were paid 80c for every $1 paid to men. Women's average hourly rate was $17.14, while for men it was $21.54. This survey was careful to make the kind of statistical errors that had previously skewed results. For example, it based the survey on hourly wages, and so was able to avoid false differences that were really caused by the fact that some women work fewer hours per years."
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Legalizing Same-Sex Marriage, 2007.
A review of the arguments in favor of legalizing same-sex marriages in the United States.
1,553 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the argument for and against legalizing same-sex marriages in the United States. It compares the situation in the US with that in Canada with regard to government policy on same-sex marriages. The paper argues that same-sex marriage should be legalized in the whole of the US. Its primary argument is that failure to do so would be contrary to many of the most fundamental rights of many American citizens and will also serve to perpetuate prejudice against same-sex couples.
From the Paper
"Perhaps the most important argument in favour of legalizing same-sex marriage is the simple fact that by not doing so, we harm innocent children. This is because many same-sex couples have children. The 2000 US Census revealed that nationwide some 34% of female same-sex households, and some 22% of male same-sex households, have children. These rates do not lag far behind the national rate for married opposite-sex couples, which is 45.6%, or the national rate for unmarried opposite-sex couples, which is 43.1 percent. From this, we can deduce that there are at least 400,000 children who are currently being raised by same-sex couples nationwide - and this number continues to grow rapidly. (Weiser) These children may come from previous heterosexual relationships, or from adoption, or same-sex couples may choose to have children through one route or another. The point is that these are innocent children who must not be punished for the sexual orientation of their parents, or because of society's prejudices against same-sex couples. These children deserve to have the legal and emotional security of having parents who are married to one another, just as much as the children of heterosexual couples deserve this. Therefore, same-sex marriage should be legalized to protect these children."
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Gender as Performance, 2007.
This paper provides an analysis of Judith Butler's perspective on gender as performance while reviewing her article "Subjects of Sex/Gender/Desire".
1,968 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
In this essay, the writer notes that explaining and critiquing Judith Butler's notion of gender as performance requires examining her article, "Subjects of Sex/Gender/Desire" and comparing Butler's views to those of other feminists and sociologists. The writer points out that Butler's notion of gender as performance is primarily based on her interpretations of Foucault and Nietzsche and can best be described as calling upon women to challenge the language of internalization by physically signifying their very essence, style, and necessity. The writer concludes that Butler's approach to formulating a feminist language involves overcoming cultural constructs of gender by redefining gender as performance and rejecting outmoded forms of expressing gender identity and sexuality.
From the Paper
"In practical terms, this means that acts, gestures, and expressions of desires create the illusion of a socially conformist gender identity, which reflects society's determination to regulate sexuality in accordance with traditional standards of acceptable conduct and behavior."
"Through insights such as this, sociologists like Butler have contributed to a broader understanding of gender issues, for they have studied unexamined aspects of gender such as the sexuality of women who have desires considered to be on the margins of society, and have examined manifestations of gender behavior that lie outside the traditional areas of social interaction. Some of their conclusions have stirred controversy, but this is to be expected in a prevailing social and cultural environment which discourages frank discussions about sexuality."
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Causes of Male Violence, 2007.
An analysis of the theories that explain why men, as a whole, are more violent than women.
1,643 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses theories as to the causes of male violence. The paper defines various acts of violence and compares the statistics for violent acts with those available for women. It looks at the psychological and social factors that influence violence in men, as well as the social and economic factors that may impact male violence. Finally, the paper discusses the biological reasons for explaining why men are more violent than women, as a whole.
From the Paper
"In conclusion, we have seen that men perpetrate far more acts of violence than do women. Some theorists attribute this to biological differences, such as the impact of the hormone testosterone. Others emphasize sociological factors, such as the nature of the society, socialization and social expectations, belief systems about relationships between the genders, poverty levels, and levels of egalitarianism in the society. In essence, the difficulty between deciding whether to blame biological or sociological causal factors reflects the enormous difficulty involved in ascertaining whether nature or nurture plays a greater role in shaping peoples' actions. As we saw, it is impossible to be certain about this, because it is ethically impossible to conduct research experiments on human beings. It is therefore concluded that it seems likely that both biology and social environment play a role, but that it is impossible to assess which is the dominant causal factor."
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Nursing Diversity, 2007.
This paper discusses gender perspectives in leadership and workplace diversity.
2,045 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer discusses gender perspectives as they relate to leadership issues, focusing specifically on nursing. The writer points out that as more men enter the nursing profession, diversity is becoming the order of the day in healthcare at all levels. Another aspect of diversity is race and ethnicity since many nurses are black or nurses of color. The writer argues that the traditional strict lines of command are beginning to be replaced by an integrated workforce and decentralized decision making. The writer maintains that in certain cases, the nursing leader will find it essential to change her leadership style.
Outline:
Introduction
Practice Situation
Significance
Analysis
KEEP/CHANGE
Strategies for Change
Conclusion: My Learning
From the Paper
"The practice situation is a labour and delivery unit. This unit demonstrated that male nurses are concerned with technical issues and are great with problem solving, whereas female nurses tend to focus on relationships. This balance would seem to be ideal so that males and females would complement one another. However, what evolved on the unit was far from ideal. There had been a number of complaints relating to relationships between mothers and nurses. The vast majority of the nurses involved were male. Complaints mainly concerned lack of attentive listening. However, quality of care was high. Communication between the unit manager and staff was often confusing and ambiguous. Staff members were not working well as a team. The morale of the nursing staff on the ward was very low. A large number of nurses were women of color whose needs and concerns were not heard."
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"Human Sexuality", 2007.
A personal response to the article "Human Sexuality: 'Wonderful Gift' and 'Awesome Responsibility,'" written by Richard Sparks.
728 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
This essay briefly reviews three articles that discuss human sexuality and how the Church treats it. It looks at "Intimacy and Sexuality: A Letter to Catholic Secondary Students in Ontario" by the Roman Catholic Bishops of Ontario, Kenneth R. Overberg's article, "A Consistent Ethic of Life" and "Fully Alive," sponsored and developed by the Roman Catholic Bishops of Ontario and Ontario's Catholic educators. The paper then gives a personal response to the article "Human Sexuality: 'Wonderful Gift' and 'Awesome Responsibility,'" written by Richard Sparks.
From the Paper
"On the other hand, there are aspects of this article that seem dangerously out of step with modern realities. For example, it again reiterates the prohibition against contraceptive devices of any kind. Yet the reality is that the population of the entire world is threatened by the AIDS pandemic, and that condoms are the most effective prophylactic against contracting AIDS. For example, one of the fastest growing segments of AIDS sufferers is heterosexual women. Moreover, it is well known that many wives are completely faithful, but are infected by their unfaithful husbands, who have affairs or use prostitutes. By continuing to prohibit condoms, the Church sentences these innocent women to lingering, painful deaths - and deprives their children of their mothers. I find this unconscionable, obtuse, unbelievable and unforgivable."
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The Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon, 2007.
This study identifies the key mental processes involved in the tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon.
1,536 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that the brain usually processes semantic information by first identifying lexical characteristics and then using that information to narrow its final word choice down to the target answer, but this form of processing does not take place in the tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon. The paper then focuses on this phenomenon and defines it as what happens when individuals report being unable to recall a specific word or target answer, but are able to produce generic recall responses that share semantic and phonological characteristics with each other and with the target word. The paper presents two hypotheses about the TOT phenomenon but then refutes them, showing that differences in incidences of the TOT phenomenon are not dependent on instructional context or on gender.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Discussion
From the Paper
"The tip of the tongue (TOT) phenomenon is one that arguably every human being is familiar with. According to Brown and McNeill (1966) in one of the first studies printed on the subject, the TOT phenomenon occurs when one cannot recall a word of which one has knowledge and yet has the impression that recall is imminent. Manufacturing "close" guesses as to the identity of the target word is common when an individual is in this state. It can range from forgetting the name of a friend, the street that an acquaintance lives on, or even the name of a television program."
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The Glass Ceiling, 2007.
A look at using work force diversity to resolve the problem of the "glass ceiling" in the workplace.
976 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses, through the author's personal experience, the issues concerning the problem of gender roles within business communities, which favor men over women in advancement to higher office due to sexist issues. The paper attempts to show that, by analyzing the societal perspectives and leadership issues surrounding patriarchal business institutions, one can clearly see that diversity would solve many managerial problems by opening a dual gender platform in business culture.
Outline:
Problem Issue
Problem Resolution
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Another preventative way that this organization could have staved off poor morale and productivity by denying hits woman a middle management position is based on views of leadership. This perspective has often involved how men judge women in relation to societal norms set within American business culture. Although many American businesses "take this economic standpoint" (King, 1999, p.136) of patriarchal devaluation for women to be allocated to lower wage brackets, it is clear that women are only seen as "leaders" in a domestic point o view. Obviously, one can assume that men have allocated women to these lower wage positions, since they were the primary business owners, and have disenfranchised them with a limited perspective for women as leaders. "
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Sex Intelligence Differences, 2007.
This paper discusses the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children--Revised (WISC-R) and its findings regarding intelligence factors between the sexes.
1,409 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
The paper explores the innate differences between the intelligence factors of the sexes and when the intelligence factors between the sexes may begin to diverge. The paper discusses the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children--Revised (WISC-R) which shows no difference in intelligence and cognitive abilities between the sexes early in life, even though there is a probability the relationships between these factors change over time. The paper explains that this change in relationships may occur due to male-related bias in general knowledge or it may have to do with socialization and societal expectations.
Outline:
Introduction
Position
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Typically, measures of human intelligence and cognitive abilities are measured independently according to age groups, as well as independently according to sex. The differences between the sexes are frequently documented in adults, particularly in terms of general knowledge. Some questions exist, however, regarding the innate differences between the intelligence factors between the sexes and in when the intelligence factors between the sexes may begin to diverge."
"Although intelligence factors between the sexes can be seen in adults, the results shown by 1868 participants in a white sub-sample of individuals who have taken the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children--Revised (WISC-R) do not reflect such a difference."
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