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Hedonistic Act-Utilitarianism, 2007.
An examination of the various types of utilitarianism, particularly hedonistic act-utilitarianism, and their applications to life.
3,128 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper describes and discusses the concept of hedonistic act-utilitarianism. It discusses the importance of morality in society and how the theory of morality changes depending on how one defines one's social obligations. It then describes the utilitarian theory and how a Utilitarian may view an act. The paper goes on to discuss rule utilitarianism and the various types of utilitarianism, such as hedonism and egoism. The paper concludes by exploring the concept of hedonistic act-utilitarianism and its applications.
Table of Contents:
Heroism and the Call to Duty
Utilitarianism and Justice
Hedonism and Egoism
What, Other Than Pleasure, Is Valuable?
Issues of Utilitarian Impartiality
From the Paper
"According to Hurka and Copp (pp. 357-380) utilitarianisms affects the groups, more so than the individual. Therefore, the same dilution effect can be seen in the division of the greater social good. When one considers the group, everyone receives a smaller piece of the pie. The plausibility of hedonism in a utilitarian act depends on one's definition of pleasure and how the group dynamics work as far as spreading the rewards and punishments to their members. It is plausible to have hedonism and utilitarianism together. However, one must be careful to qualify their definitions. One can speak of the hedonistic acts of an individual or the hedonistic acts of a group. It is plausible for a group to have hedonistic act-utilitarian. However, this is more difficult for the individual because of the differences in perception. The answer to the question lies in which microscope one uses to examine the issue."
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Academic Integrity, 2007.
This paper discusses the importance of upholding and strengthening integrity in education.
932 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the increasing number of plagiarisms, cheatings and misrepresentations done not only by students but by faculty members themselves. The paper notes how technological changes have only made plagiarism and cheating easier. The paper believes in the importance of teaching students and academic staff academic integrity and recommends adapting Donald McCabe and Gary Pavela's "Ten Principles of Academic Integrity."
From the Paper
"The world we now live in is a fast paced, constantly changing and globalize world. We are inundated with fast food, fast lane, quick service, instant opportunity and sometime "making the quick buck." In the days of our forebears, life was simple: you grow up, go to school, get a job, find a partner, have a family, build a house and grow old gracefully. Then your kids go through the same rigors. Values and ethics then were crystal clear and there was an easy differentiation of black and white. Then was a time when a man's word was good enough and a handshake was an unbreakable bond built on honor, trust and integrity."
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Physician Assisted Suicide, 2007.
An argument that physician assisted suicide is a humane act that should be legalized.
1,268 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
The paper asserts that physician assisted suicide is a humane act that helps terminally ill patients bring an end to their pain and suffering by hastening their death, when all other efforts to do so have been exhausted. The paper contends that all arguments against physician assisted suicide do not carry sufficient weight to justify its continuing illegality. The paper is of the belief that changing values of human society and advances in medical science have greatly extended human life-spans, thus making it imperative that relatively benign forms of euthanasia such as patient assisted suicide may be allowed. The paper includes appended sources.
From the Paper
"The debate about Euthanasia is an ancient one but it has acquired a new relevance in recent times as advances in medical science have greatly extended human life-spans and it is now possible to sustain life for indefinite periods through artificial means. A closely related issue is whether it is ethical for physicians to assist in their patients' suicide in order to relieve their pain and suffering. Seemingly weighty arguments have been advanced both for and against the issue, but the debate still remains unresolved. A closer scrutiny of the pro and con arguments, however, reveals that the case against physician-assisted suicide does not carry sufficient weight and it is, in fact, a humane act which should be allowed in all civilized societies."
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Human Cloning, 2007.
This paper looks at the issue of cloning and offers a personal opinion regarding this technology.
798 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that cloning does not mean copying someone to produce an exact duplicate of that person and then takes a look at the three types of cloning. The paper discusses this controversial issue and is of the opinion that without sufficient information and with the strong moral and ethical questions still unanswered, cloning should not be allowed in the country until specific, detailed and concrete data is available.
From the Paper
"When people hear about the term cloning, the first thing that may come to mind is Dolly the Scottish sheep successfully cloned at the Roslin Institute, Scotland in 2003. Now when one gets into "human cloning" the younger generation would relate to the 2005 blockbuster movie The Island starring Ewan McGregor and Scarlett Johansson Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger's 2002 sci-fi thriller The Sixth Day. Both movies bear the theme of human cloning in the "photocopying" sense of scheme. This simply means that a human being gets a copy of himself as it is. For The Island, clones are made for rich and powerful people that in the event of their contracting diseases they can harvest the healthy organs of their clones or "products.""
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Aristotle and Capital Punishment, 2007.
This paper discusses Aristotle, teleology and the death penalty.
1,768 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses capital punishment, which is a controversial issue in today's society. The writer notes that it is questionable whether man is justified morally to take another man's life, particular when it comes to an official or sanctioned killing. The writer discusses that Aristotle created a notion that came to be known as teleology that can help to understand the ethical issue. The writer explains that within this notion, Aristotle offers four causes that can help to explain the 'why' aspect of any why-related questions.
The writer concludes that Aristotle's logic is genius and powerful and shows things for what they really are. Further, the writer maintains that the death penalty is unethical because it assumes things to be true that are not necessarily true.
From the Paper
"Teleology means the end of the process, and in consider capital punishment as an ethical issue the end of the process must be considered first. The end to capital punishment is to put to death the person guilty of the crime. However, this is not necessarily the end, or reason for capital punishment. Capital punishment is intended to punish a person by taking his or her life. But there can be a second interpretation of the ethical issue of capital punishment and that is that the end of capital punishment is the prevention of a crime in the first place. Thus according to teleology, capital punishment could be considered to have two different ends. As an ethical issue, capital punishment is a much deeper issue than simply molding a bronze statue, which is the end to the Aristotelian example. Much can be left up to interpretation, and therefore a deeper look at the two possibilities for capital punishment viewed from the Aristotelian viewpoint on causality and teleology. If the end product is necessary to explain the event, then there are two ways to explain capital punishment. Capital punishment is capital and thus death is the final result. But also, punishment implies punishment for doing something wrong and thus the punishment is intended to prevent something from being done wrong in the first place, and that is a second possible end."
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Assassination, 2007.
This paper argues against the moral, legal, political and practical dimensions of assassination.
9,370 words (approx. 37.5 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 193.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that political assassination, which has caused innumberable victims throughout history, is very hard to define because there are many forms of political violence. The author points out that the present postmodernist era of civilization is socially characterized by anomie, which causes instability and lack of social order, which in turn result in dangerous acts of political violence. The paper concludes that political assassinations usually cease when two cultures or two different ideological groups find a way to tolerate each other and, instead of fighting, establish common external rules by which to play the game.
From the Paper
"The moral perspective on political murder is intrinsically related to its political dimension. As assassination contravenes to the moral principles and ideals as set by religion, it also contravenes to the principles of democracy, which, as form of government, seems the closest to the religious moral order. Democracy is at present the universally accepted type of rule, although it still has many variants according to the country or region where it develops. It can be said that the beginnings of American democracy were the first steps towards the establishment of the Western civilization."
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Moral Impermissibility of Abortion, 2007.
A discussion regarding the moral and legal implications of abortion.
1,289 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses the controversial topic of abortion. According to the paper, people's opinions regarding abortion depend on their belief system, values and personal experiences. The paper then goes on to discuss the pro-choice or pro-life debate.
From the Paper
"This is the first solid argument to sustain the moral impermissibility of induced abortion. Because having an abortion equals the death of a life growing inside, as a natural result of unprotected sexual intercourse. It is therefore considered that the new life, the fetus, did not have a choice. And having an artificial abortion furthermore deprives him/her of the right to chose (whether to live or not). So, if it's about the right to chose and the freedom to decide your own destiny, an intentional removal of a growing life is not and can never be the right answer. "
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Pending Legislation & Heath Care, 2003.
A look at pending legislation relating to health care services.
789 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses pending legislation or tort reform regarding health care services. According to the paper, the battleground involves doctors and trial lawyers, and is often anything but simple. The paper reports that the doctors argue that there must be limits placed on the damages a person can collect from them for malpractice, but naturally the lawyers do not agree.
From the Paper
"Since personal injury lawyers usually take a percentage of what their client gets in a jury's decision or in a settlement, placing limits on the amount a person suing a doctor could collect would also limit the amount of income a personal injury lawyers makes in a year. They also dispute the assertion that doctors are leaving the state because of malpractice insurance rates. This view has been supported by the Democrats."
"So the agendas of the two sides are not really hidden at all. It, like so many other pieces of the legislation that goes through the legislative branch of a government, is all about money."
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Organ Donation, 2007.
A brief look at some of the ethical dilemmas associated with organ donation.
806 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
Organ donation is removing specific tissues of the human body for transplanting or grafting into another person. Both cadavers and living persons can be donors, but both also have to fulfill certain criterion in order to eligibly donate. This paper examines how bioethics, politics and personal issues have arisen in concern of organ donation.
From the Paper
"There is a waiting list for legal organs to be donated but for indeterminate lengths of time. The fear of literally dying while still waiting to be a recipient has pushed people to deal with the black market. The "black market organ donation" relies upon the ends justifying the means. This is discussed in teleological and utilitarian issues. Concern also focused on the imbalance of the trade because the market is for only those who can afford, therefore only gives chance for the well-off. The black market has been referred to as the transplant trade outside of the United States. Legalization of the international organ trade would lead to increased supply, lowering prices. Therefore the poor might be able to afford such organs as well."
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Business Ethics, 2007.
A discussion of the importance of good business ethics in today's corporate environment.
1,273 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the issue of corporate responsibility and the consequences of a lack ethics on today's business environment. The author attempts to define ethics and cites various studies which illustrate which ethical values people hold to be most important. The paper further discusses the intersection of ethics and sales. The author concludes by describing the relationship between ownership of values and ethical behavior.
Outline:
Introduction
Defining Ethics
Finding the Connection of Ethics and Performance
Alleviating Ethical Meltdowns
Summary
From the Paper
"There are as many definitions of ethics as there are of academicians, researchers, and scholars studying the topic. To align ethics with a specific religion is erroneous; there are many religions in the world that embrace honesty and truthfulness, yet do not provide the impetus for followers to willingly select these ethical approaches to interacting with others. One scholar, Josephson (2001), suggests that ethics involve first the ability to discern right and wrong, and second, the commitment to do what is good and aligning with what ethical conduct is. Ethics then requires action to be undertaken; to be ethical is to act in a consistently transparent and honest way. Josephson (2001) is specifically referring to the values a person has as shaped by their cultural, economic, religious, spiritual and social interactions accumulated over their lives. Ethical choices, according to Josephson (2001), place an equal weight of the values of an individual and their choice of behaving ethically or not. In a study conducted at the Institute for Global Ethics (1996), 272 individuals were asked to identify the 5 values from a list of 15 that were most important to them. Researchers found that the value of truth was by far the most frequent choice. What also emerged were the top three values of truth, compassion, and responsibility. When individuals were asked to pick the most important value, compassion was far and away the greater one chosen. The research went on to show that this small set of core values that is cross-cultural and universal."
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