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The Psychological Effects in Sports, 2002.
A discussion on the decline in the number of middle and junior high schools implementing intramural sports programs, and what affect this might have on the students.
1,524 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses both the positive and negative aspects of competitive sports on teenagers. It shows that many positive benefits for young adolescents may result from participation in sports which can enhance their self-esteem and increase their interest in sports. However, the writer also discusses that when young adolescent needs and interests become secondary to pressures and unreasonable expectations from coaches, parents, the community, and even themselves, sports often have the opposite effect.
From the Paper
"Over the last two decades, there has been a steady decline in the number of middle and junior high schools implementing intramural sports programs. Data from a 1993 national survey of 1,798 middle schools reported 63% of schools offered intramural sports programs for sixth graders, a decrease of 5% in 5 years. The decline was even more pronounced at the seventh grade level, where 58% of grade 7 in middle schools had intramural sports programs as compared with 67% in 1988, a decrease of 9% in five years (Sports in Middle Grades, 2001). Similar decreases were found at the eighth grade level (McEwin, Dickinson, & Jenkins, 1996). The same study found the higher the middle grade, the less likely students were to have access to intramural programs. The general trend seems to be toward smaller percentages of schools offering intramural programs. Given the high percentage of schools that offer interscholastic programs, especially at the senior high level, but also at the middle school level -- why the trend to get rid of intramural sports programs?"
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American Sports, 2002.
A brief paper on the huge effect sport has on American culture and society.
818 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the benefits of sport for the American people. As well as the obvious fitness benefits, the writer believes there are developmental benefits of sport which provide the American society with an integral part of their culture. Other topics discussed include the economic benefits of sport as well as the history of sport in American society.
From the Paper
"In American history, sports figure as an important institution that has always determined the American popular culture. America?s history is not complete without a detailed depiction of the lifestyle and living conditions of its people, which is often determined through the activities that people involve themselves in. These activities are often associated physical and mental in nature, which requires an individual?s physiological faculties to function appropriately. These activities are identified as sports activities, wherein people interact with each other and develop themselves personally through physical and mental exercise."
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The Augusta National Controversy, 2002.
Discusses the media war between the National Council of Women?s Organizations and the Augusta National Golf Club over the club's policy of excluding women.
2,890 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses why the prestigious Augusta National Golf Club excludes women from its membership roles. It discusses whether it is legal and, moreover, ethical, for a private club to exclude an American citizen based on gender. The paper focuses on the public relations battle which took place between the club's chairman, Hootie Johnson, and chairperson of the National Council of Women's Organizations, Martha Burk, over the club's exclusion of women from the club and the Masters Tournament which takes place each year. The paper explores Augusta National's public image following the confrontation and looks at how Burk threatened to turn one of America?s most esteemed sporting events into a public relations nightmare for its sponsors. The paper looks at how successful her very public made-for-media strategy to challenge corporate America?s commercial support of The Masters Tournament really was.
From the Paper
"Meanwhile, in the past few months, everyone of any stature in golf (Tiger Woods was most prominent among opinions expressed; he declined to take sides), in civil rights (Jesse Jackson announced he would lead the charge against the discrimination of women), and it seems, in the media, had an opinion on Augusta?s refusal to admit women. Sandy Grady, writing in USA Today, noted that Augusta?s power elite were ??so petrified that feminists will infiltrate their boys club, they announced this rule, according to the Augusta Chronicle: ?Patrons will be asked to return to their cars and remove buttons, hats, or T-shirts that express any opinion, pro or con, on a social or political basis?.? That would appear to be unconstitutional at the worst, and, at the least, blatant paranoia."
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Sports Psychology, 2002.
Explores the growing popularity of sports psychology, which contributes to an athlete's success.
4,230 words (approx. 16.9 pages), 31 sources, APA, $ 112.95
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Abstract
The science of sports psychology rests uncomfortably between pure science, theory and hype. But, as athletes make their way up successive levels from amateur to semi-professional, from pro to world- class, the physical aspects of the game stay the same. The paper shows that an athlete can only digest so much nutrition, burn so many calories in the weight room and endure a relatively fixed amount of physical training before ready to perform at a peak level. The hypothesis is that the factor which separates one level of athlete from the next, and what often prevents an athlete with much ?potential? from reaching his or her goals is the mental game. The paper shows that, although this idea sounds simple, at upper levels of performance the athlete?s own body can become one of the opponents on the playing field which must also be conquered. Toward this end, the ?science? of sports psychology, including hypnosis, self hypnosis, guided imagery and bio-feedback have come into the sports marketplace in the last 30 years, and have proven that at the levels of performance which test the athletes total ability, conquering the mind game is the cornerstone to victory on the playing field.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
History
Sports Psychology and Hypnosis
Desire: the First Requirement
Hypnosis, Self Hypnosis, Biofeedback
Examples of Biofeedback
Guided Imagery
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"An associative attentional focus concentrates one's awareness on bodily states, self-perceptions, and pacing or rhythm related to an activity. Conversely, a dissociative attentional focus or distraction diverts attention away from bodily self-awareness and self-perceptions and towards external stimuli or factors not related to an activity (e.g., words of a song, other people exercising). Studies have found conflicting results as to whether association or dissociation is a more effective strategy for improving performance."
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Nutrition, 2002.
Compares the daily nutritional intake of an athlete to that of a non-athlete.
997 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This comparison of the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) needs of an amateur marathon runner and a ?normal? non-athlete or sedentary person illustrates the difference in the quantities of nutrients each need to maintain a healthy and well functioning body. It also shows the consequence of continued consumption of such a diet to the marathon runner if the athlete becomes a non-athlete.
From the Paper
"Once established, the calorie requirement per day will illustrate the difference in needs between the athlete and non-athlete. The normal sedentary adult requires .40 grams per pound of body weight per day of protein to stay within RDA guidelines. The adult competitive athlete requires .90 grams per pound of body weight per day, more than twice the number of the non-athlete. (Parsons, 2003)"
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Michael Jordan, 2002.
A paper on the life of Michael Jordan, focusing on his excellent leadership skills.
3,738 words (approx. 15.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 103.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the leadership qualities of Michael Jordan. It gives a detailed list of characteristics that are part and parcel of being a true leader. Some examples and facts have also been listed which the writer believes show Michael Jordan as a true leader who always lead by example and courage.
Contents:
Michael Jordan ? the figure
True Leadership Elements found in Michael Jordan
Knowledge
Trust
Vision
Essentials
Integrity
Experience
Positive Attitude
Self-confidence
Empathy
Judgment
Reflection in Today?s Environment
From the Paper
"There have been many a number of individuals who have had exceptional talents, both in the field of sports and any other. These people have ascended on the ladder of success with sheer hard work and commitment, which in its essence, is the key to attain and achieve success and fame. There have been great players, and much greater than them as well but there are certainly those amongst these who can be bracketed alongside the very best. One such name is the American National Basket Ball Association Player, Michael Jordan. There is yet to be born a greater basket ball athlete than him."
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Baseball, 2002.
An overview of the history of this game and how it ties into American history.
1,666 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
The game of baseball has been the calling card of American sports almost since its inception as a team game. This paper looks at the history of baseball, from its beginnings as a casual game called rounders, through its establishment as a game with rules by Alexander Cartwright in 1845 until the first official game in 1846 between the "New York Nine" and the "Knickerbockers". The paper discusses the leagues, teams and clubs which grew in response to the growing popularity of the sport. Finally, the paper shows how baseball has evolved and changed within American history.
From the Paper
"What Spaulding had to say reminds the American historian that the game became a proving ground for national heroes as it went through changes and developments that coincided with the national agenda and culture. It went through WWII when there were few male players around to play and to fill in the fan base the women?s league was started and toured the country to a growing fan base. (AAGPBL website 1996) Baseball went through the civil rights era and could be one of the first places where blacks were publicly integrated with whites. (White 1995) Even today baseball continues to evolve as it begins to change to meet the new fan base of today?s America."
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African-Americans and Sports, 2002.
An examination of African-American obsession and modern superiority regarding sports.
1,621 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how sports are significant in many ways to any individual of the society. Sports have often been considered as a missionary tool of liberation, as anti-hegemonic. It focuses on the obsession of black Americans with sports and how media, poverty and a search for identity lure blacks into it. It also analyzes the reasons and their consequences for sports fixation. It highlights the study made by Jonathan Kozol on the inequalities faced by blacks from the very basic level of their lives and the opinions about black American sports fixation by John Hoberman.
From the Paper
"The scenario of Blacks occupying every sport more than the Whites is sometimes seen as a contemporary issue. Much commentary has been fabricated on the topic, whether sports are bad for Blacks. In February 1997 German scholar John Hoberman published Darwin?s Athletes: How Sports has damaged Black America And Preserved the Myth of Race. In his story Hoberman made an analogy that sports is a form of slavery and unsubtle political and economic persecution. This analogy is used to describe the unseen side of sports i.e. how audience is attracted into it as false production and how white male autonomy controls black players both physically and mentally and their passage to the market worth their talent. The other countenance of the Black America damaged by Sports is that Black Americans are considered as laborers or as inferior beings. Hoberman claims that black over investment in sports is both the cause and result of black anti-intellectualism, itself the result of virulent white racism, meant to confine blacks to certain occupations (Gerald Early, Performance And Reality Race, Sports and the Modern World)."
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Larry Bird and Michael Jordan, 2002.
A comparison of the basketball players Larry Bird and Michael Jordan.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how, throughout the last few years, numerous sports commentators have compared and contrasted the athletic style and skill present in two of the most recognizable basketball players. It examines how Larry Bird and Michael Jordan are compared in the magazines, on television as well as on websites and in the barroom. It provides a comparison of the two athletes by exploring some of their statistics and figures, evaluating their style of play and assessing their profiles in the media.
From the Paper
"First, when looking at the shooting statistics, style is incredibly important. A question that is often asked revolves around what kind of style a particular player used to attain his goals as an athlete. To do this one must recognize a few things about these two athletes. Bird started his career in 1979 and finished it in 1992 with a thirteen year career. Jordan on the other hand started his career in 1984 and still hasn?t really completely finished it. Jordan has been playing ? somewhat sporadically the last few years ? for nearly twenty years. So in other words, the 4352 additional shots Jordan attempted over Bird doesn?t seem like that many when looking at a time comparison."
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Mike Tyson and David Beckham, 2002.
Discusses how the media has affected the sports careers of Tyson, the boxer and Beckham, the soccer star.
1,653 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses and compares the careers of Mike Tyson and David Beckham. It shows how both became stars at a very young age and were suddenly thrust into the global spotlight. The paper examines how each of the two dealt with the glory and fame - Tyson landed up in jail for three years and Beckham had to deal with death-threats to himself and his family. Ultimately, the paper shows that David Beckham was more successful in handling the media attention than Mike Tyson.
From the Paper
"What made the difference in their responses? That?s difficult to say. Maybe it?s the difference between soccer and boxing that affected the way in which they responded to it. Or maybe it was the difference in their support networks. Beckham had a complete soccer team who was willing to be supportive for him, and he had a family (including a wife and child) who was completely there for him. Tyson was in a competitive sport alone, without a team. He was feuding with his manager and ex-wife. He had never had a real family. He had grown up on the streets that taught survival, instead of in a supportive environment that emphasized sportsmanship. Tyson had learned boxing when he ?was sent to a correction unit where discipline was to be enforced upon him.? (Iron Mike Biography) Perhaps he simply didn?t have the network for support that he needed. Some would suggest that it was more than that. Maybe it?s a racial or class issue. They are approached by the media in a very different way, certainly. Beckham is portrayed as a traditional bad boy, but he was also loved. The media let him be a perfect victim every once in a while."
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