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Blue Winds Dancing, 2007.
This paper analyzes "Blue Winds Dancing" by Tom Whitecloud.
1,118 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that symbolic words, phrases, acts, objects and the characters in this story are part of the power that is generated in Tom Whitecloud's narrative. The writer points out that Whitecloud's use of metaphor also is part of what captures a reader's attention to detail. By painting such a lush picture of all the wonderful seasonal changes that are part of fall, by mentioning bears, loons, the tracks in the snow that indicate deer and rabbits have passed through, Whitecloud builds up the drama about the white man and how his "civilization" or "society" has taken over the reins of power. The writer concludes that the author shows that just a nod of the head and a sparking eye are all the communication that is necessary to show that the natural world is alive and well.
From the Paper
"By painting such a lush picture of all the wonderful seasonal changes that are part of fall, by mentioning bear, loons, the tracks in the snow that indicate deer and rabbits have passed through, the chipmunks and squirrels - this all builds up the drama for the fact that the white man and his "civilization" or "society" has taken over the reins of power. White men want Indians to be like "them" - and they are "always dissatisfied" because if you give them a hill they want a mountain. Native Americans just want the world in its lovely simplicity, they want the natural world that has brought them so much peace and happiness."
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Paul Celan's Todesfuge, 2007.
This paper discusses Paul Celan's poem "Todesfuge".
2,457 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that 'Todesfuge' or Death Fugue is one of Paul Celan's earliest creations, and, at the same time, one of his best-known works. Roughly speaking, the writer points out that the poem describes the experience of the Holocaust, from one of the horrifying concentration camps. The writer maintains that the most interesting aspect of the poem is however the way in which Celan translates the experience into language. The writer points out that the text has been sometimes criticized because it transposes the hard reality of the Holocaust in a highly aesthetic manner, which seems, at first sight, to divert the attention from the atrocities of death and of the concentration camp. However, the writer concludes that the gist of Celan's Todesfuge is the aesthetic representation of the Holocaust experience and that through symbols and metaphorical oppositions, Celan translates the terrible experience of the Jews during the Nazi regime.
From the Paper
"There is obviously no easy or direct way to talk about such a dehumanizing experience as that of the slow torture that the Jews had to endure in the death camps. Language inevitably fails to convey the horrors by itself. But the language used in Celan's poem, as well as the structure of the text form the core of an artistic experience that translates the reality of the Holocaust in a very effective way. Thus, Celan's Todesfuge reveals the nightmarish Jewish experience during the Nazi regime through its musical form, which superimposes two opposed realities, that of death and that of love and beauty."
"Therefore, the most powerful effect of the text is given by the sharp contrast between two contradictory realities which are united in the structure of the poem through the musical rhythm that imitates a fugue. First of all, the lack of punctuation and the frequent and rhythmical repetitions of the same phrases or metaphors throughout the poem, make the text resemble a fugue."
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Bilingual Children, 2007.
An analysis of the challenges facing special education teachers when teaching at-risk bilingual children.
1,355 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This research paper analyzes the specific challenges educators face when teaching bilingual children with special education needs. Specifically, it attempts to address whether early intervention for at-risk bilingual children with disabilities and other handicaps or other specific tools and academic strategies will improve learning outcomes. The paper also provides statistics on the unique challenges educators must address when working with special education bilingual students.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Problem Statement
Background
Preliminary Literature Review
Methods
Theoretical Framework & Data Collection
From the Paper
"Amato & Baca (1989) note that throughout history bilingual education has shifted multiple times, from "nonbiased native-language assessments" to specific services directly related to a student's special needs and bilingual ability (168). Many consider the field of bilingual special education one that is emerging and growing. Baca & Cervantes (1989) note a need for a bilingual special education "interface" exists that incorporates training for special education students and teachers (168). Amato & Baca (1989) observe that certain teacher competencies are clearly necessary for bilingual special education teachers, competencies that must be more clearly defined. Neuman & Roskos (1997) and other researchers including Gonzalez-Bueno (2003) suggest promoting literacy among bilingual special education students should be a primary concern for educators. They suggest use of a bilingual alphabet will help facilitate this process."
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Alaskan Language Project, 2007.
A research proposal to study and preserve the Yupik language of the Yupik Eskimo communities in Alaska.
1,307 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that the continuance and historical understanding of the remaining approximate 200 tribal languages in Alaska is a significant cultural and educational concern for the American Indian and Alaska Native societies. The paper looks at the Yupik language in order to determine how to study and preserve it. The paper presents a research proposal to contrast and compare Yupik tales to other tales from the Native-Americans, the Anglo-Europeans, Africans and the Asians. This would allow an examination of the differences and similarities between cultures.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Literature Review
Research Proposal
From the Paper
"Languages have subtle nuances that cannot be translated. They embody the philosophy of a people. This information is gone when its language disappears. Linguists now believe that half the languages spoken today will disappear within the next century. This is true for some Yupik Eskimo communities in Alaska, where just 20 years ago all of the children spoke Yupik. Now, the youngest speakers of Yupik in some of these communities are in their 20s, and the children speak only English (Robins; Alaskan Native Language Center)."
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African Novels, 2007.
An analysis of the debate over which language should be used to write a book about an African country or experience.
1,493 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the debate over whether African authors should write their original books in their native language when relating the African experience. It discusses whether this adds to the experience of the book and if writing it in English causes it to lose its cultural identity. The paper specifically looks at the debate from the points of view of Kenyon author Ngugi Wa Thiongo'o and his Nigerian contemporary Chinua Achebe.
From the Paper
"Sullivan (81) concludes her article on the language debate between such authors as Ngugi and Achebe and whether or not books should be written in the native language or that of the colonist by looking at the way the world is changing today and in the near future. First, she states that monolingualism has never been as usual in Africa as it is in Europe. Thus, Africa may best serve its own interests by giving people the opportunity to develop the personal language portfolios they will anyway continue to acquire. Multilingualism can be seen as a potential strength, not a divisive factor. English only one of the many languages in which Nigerians choose to express themselves."
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Whorfian Hypothesis, 2007.
An analysis of the relevance of the Whorfian Hypothesis (WH) to language learning.
3,802 words (approx. 15.2 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the relevance of the Whorfian Hypothesis (WH) - also referred to as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis - to language learning, in particular for the person who learned (or is learning) English as a second language. It looks at how there are conflicting views on the meaning of and application of WH - and on the value of this hypothesis about language. It reviews the available literature on the subject and offers value judgments on the significance of WH in various applications and learning environments.
From the Paper
"The operating hypothesis put forward was that a movie created entirely by this group might reveal "aspects of cognition and values that may be inhibited, not observable, or not analyzable" when the process of investigation relies on "verbal exchange" conducted in the language of the investigator. Moreover, producing film images then sequencing those images by editing, cutting and pasting, just might help researchers understand better the WH. Another operating theory here is that by treating the visual as though it were a language, and then following up by comparing the two "linguistic structures" (visual and verbal) - believing that both make statements about cognition and culture "across two modes" - may provide a context in which the Whorfian manner comes clearer into focus. "
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"Bilingual/Bilingue", 2007.
This paper studies the poem "Bilingual/Bilingue" by Rhina Espaillat.
1,968 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that "Bilingual/Bilingue" by Rhina Espaillat is a depiction of a girl growing up in a Spanish speaking household in the United States. The writer notes that through excellent language choices and the successful use of literary devices, Espaillat captures the difficulties of living in an English speaking country while coming from a Spanish speaking home. The writer describes that "Bilingual/Bilingue" is a personal account of the realities of bilingualism, and shows how it is possible to overcome language and cultural barriers to learn a second language. The writer concludes that real life examples and the girl in "Bilingual/Bilingue" both show that the original language remains a part of one's culture and identity and that language barriers are an obstacle, but not a permanent one.
From the Paper
"It is out of this fear that he resists English in the household, but his daughter, who studies English extensively in and outside of the house on her own, comes to become more than proficient in English. She realizes what her father does not, that language is not a divisive force, and that she can express herself fully in English, her second language. Thus Espaillat is writing on the success people can achieve in learning and living in the United States as a bilingual individual. Language will not divide her from her father, and she can become a successful English poet growing up in a Spanish household. The cultural and linguistic challenges she faced she was able to overcome."
"Espaillat's perspective on the issue of bilingualism individually and as a society is backed up by both empirical and qualitative research. In fact, although Espaillat's childhood experience was many years ago in the 1930s, issues she faced and issues she overcame are relevant to this day. For instance, a 2007 study on bilingual Latino and Latina adolescents evaluated the role of the Spanish language and bilingualism for both gifted and non-gifted students. This study found that for these bilingual students, regardless of level of academic achievement, that Spanish was their native language."
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John F. Kennedy's Inaugural Address, 2007.
A speech analysis of John F. Kennedy's January 20, 1961 inaugural address.
1,928 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes John F. Kennedy's inaugural address given on January 20, 1961. It discusses the style of the speech, particularly his effective use of oratory and rhetorical techniques. It looks at the way in which his language and also his unique voice and persona caused the words to remain in the listeners' mind. The paper also discusses Kennedy's body language and attire while delivering his speech. It combines all of these aspects to describe the success of his presentation.
From the Paper
"What is most striking about the speech is how much it asks of its listeners. It is easy to listen to, because of its effective use of oratory and rhetorical techniques, like rhetorical questions, parallel sentence structure, and intense, physical images that paint a picture for the listener. This is especially important in an age before television was common in all households, to satisfy listeners far away as well as the immediate, watching audience of the speech in front of the Capital. Yet the speech also demands that young Americans press themselves to answer the call to liberty, to pick up the set-down torch of the previous generation, and bear the burden of giving back to their nation. The effectiveness of the speech was sufficient that Americans listened with pleasure not simply to the image of themselves they wanted to have of peaceful and freedom-loving people, but that they were also inspired to exceed their own comfort zones and the expectations they had for their future."
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Linguistics and Free Word Order, 2007.
A review of recent literature related to 'free word order' or 'scrambling' in Asian languages such as Japanese and Korean.
4,568 words (approx. 18.3 pages), 23 sources, APA, $ 118.95
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Abstract
This work reviews historical and recent literature related to 'free word order' languages, or those, which use 'scrambling' in sentence structure. These terms relate specifically to the placement of nouns and verbs within a sentence. The social theory of language acquisition is reviewed as well as cultural influences on language acquisition specifically related to 'free word order' language structure. Word order in various languages is examined and recent studies are reviewed.
Outline:
Objective
Introduction
Socio-Cultural Formation of Speech and Language
Previous Study in Language Acquisition
Differentiation between 'verb salient' and 'noun salient' Languages
Word Order in the Various Languages
Non-Configurationality in Languages
Computer-generated Processing of Languages
Summary
Bibliography
From the Paper
" 'Free word order' languages are those in which the structure of a sentence is constructed loosely in relation to the placement of nouns and verbs. The writer notes in the research process that there are many and various explanations and theories surrounding the structure or lack of structure in the free word order languages. Grammatical encoding has never been quite as relevant as in the present as computer-generated language translation is in use frequently in the lives of many. Communication barriers presented are evident in the confused communications and specifically between languages such as the English language with its formally structured sentence use of nouns and verbs and the languages of Korean and Japanese both 'free word order' languages.. "
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Theory of Grammaticalization, 2007.
A discussion of the theory of grammaticalization as it is defined within current linguistic literature.
3,452 words (approx. 13.8 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 97.95
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Abstract
This academic paper examines contemporary linguistic theory, with a focus on grammaticalization in the development of language. This analysis is made for both language form and in acquisition by individuals. The author challenges the idea that language is structural. The paper addresses this issue by evaluating ideas that view grammaticalization as an epiphenomenon of language.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Epiphenomenon
Grammaticalization Defined
Grammaticalization as Epiphenominon
Works Cited
From the Paper
"In a sense the epiphenomenon of grammaticalization, as many would claim is the psychological response to the neurologically fixed brain functioning that creates workable mental shortcuts through the utilization of commonly occurring rules that are unique to individual languages and to some extent people. The brain functions to save the individual undue work in forming language, when common rules are oft repeated and in so doing, as the theory goes it leaves the individual capable of the creation of language in an easy almost non-thinking manner. (Anderson, and Lightfoot 162) Yet, when an individual attempts, once these shortcuts have been set, to learn a unique language, a variation of ones own language, say modern English as compared to Middle English or even the English spoken in another country in the present world, he or she is stymied by these shortcuts as they would need to be eradicated or altered (which theory claims is difficult if not impossible to do) to think in and become fluent in another language. (Healy 3)"
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