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Samuel Beckett's "Endgame", 2003.
This paper looks at how understanding the social and political context of the time of Samuel Beckett's play "Endgame" enhances the significance of the play's meaning.
2,298 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
The paper examines how the play "Endgame" is related to reality and discusses how it is haunted by the prospect of universal death. The paper looks at how "Endgame" is a play on language and shows how, ultimately, the play is a manifestation of the social and political context of the time.
From the Paper
"Samuel Beckett's theatre is widely assumed as a no-man's-land, a place at the end of the world, devoid of any humanity. The impression we are left with at the end of his plays is that of a timeless theatre, showing an essential and absolute humanity, which is hardly prone to historical upheavals, or even to historical variations. This is also true of Endgame, Beckett's third play, first written in French and performed at the Royal Court Theatre, London, in 1957. The play is haunted by the prospect of universal death. Indeed, Beckett imprisons his characters in a room which might be the only place on earth to house human life."
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Language Planning, 2003.
Presents a theoretic view of language planning (LP).
3,538 words (approx. 14.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 99.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that language policy is a big problem in developing countries, especially in the Maghreb world, which was under the French rule: Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco. The paper defines language planning (LP) as the activity of preparing a normative orthography, grammar and dictionary for the guidance of writers and speakers in a non-homogeneous speech community and relates that language planning includes language policy. The paper then discusses corpus, status and acquisition planning using examples mainly from the French Academy and the Hebrew revival movement.
Table of Contents:
A Theoretical View on Language Planning (LP)
Introduction
Definitions and Elements of LP
The Term "Language Planning"
Two Different Definitions of LP
Elements of Language Planning
Types of Language Planning
Corpus Planning
Status Planning
Acquisition Planning
Examples of Language Planning and Language Planning Policies
The "Academie Francaise" as an Example of Corpus Planning
The Promotion of Hebrew in Palestine as an Example of Status Planning
Examples of Language Planning Policies: Policy A, B, C.....
From the Paper
"Richelieu established the AF. In 1624, he became first minister in Louis XIII. Richelieu was so close to artists, writers in particular. In 1629, a group of men interested in language and literature started to meet at a rich man's house just for conversation. Richelieu wanted to transform this club into an official institution serving the country. He formed this group into an official body. He had a political purpose. He wanted them to work on his behalf by supporting his policies, which is the main reason behind his finding of the AF. "
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The Portuguese Language (O Portugues), 2008.
A linguistic description of the Portuguese language, which ranks in sixth in the overall number of speakers of any language.
2,730 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Portuguese is an Indo-European language, which originated from the Vulgar Latin about two thousand years ago. The author points out that, as Christians conquered the peninsula, a lot of the grammar and words used in Spain and France greatly influenced the modern Portuguese language although the morphology and syntax were only slightly changed. The paper reports that Portuguese is a pluricentric language, which varies from its geographic locations but remains one language. The author describes its phonology, vowels, morphology, syntax, lexicon and pragmatics.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
History
Phonology
Vowels in Portuguese
Morphology and Syntax
Lexicon
Pragmatics
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Notice that there are actually three ways that one may say, "You make" in Portuguese. Vos fazeis is actually very archaic and is only used in Holy Scriptures or when praying to God. If you dare mention this, people would look at you very weird. It is similar to the use of ye in English which no one uses anymore (I hope not!). Now depending whether one is in Portugal or Brazil, the use of tu and voce varies. In the Portuguese spoken in Portugal, this dialect is considered as an honorable title. The pronoun voce is used when speaking to older people or when showing respect."
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In Defense of "Like", 2006.
This paper defends the current popular usage of the word "like" in the quotative format and as a hedge word.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the use of the word "like" in its two least popular meaning among English lovers and most common form among English speakers: the quotative, as in "and I was like, 'what?'", and the hedge word, as in "I like bombed on that exam". The author points out that, although she feels embarrassed about how her use of the word affects people's perception of her intelligence, she feels very strongly, as others do, that the current uses of the word "like" have very real, even innovative, purposes. The paper relates that the ability of "like" to indirectly quote or relay speech, behavior and thought with one word sets it apart from other words with similar functions. The author states that she sometimes uses the word to be purposely and purposefully imprecise. The paper concludes that informal usages of the English language help communicate sincerity and friendliness and demonstrate a natural process for the standard to eventually become archaic.
From the Paper
"But, despite what Lily Thorns may like to believe, the quotative and hedge-word "like" were not born of wealthy teenaged girls from Southern California in the 1980s. In the 1962 novel "A Clockwork Orange" by English author Anthony Burgess, the hedge-work "like" is also frequently used by the narrator, Alex - a young man of high intelligence, in fact. The usage is not exclusively American. I also notice it was used by my aunt and uncle, both of whom are in their 50s and were born and raised in Manchester (as was Anthony Burgess, for that matter), as a hedge word--although usually at the end of their sentences, much like the hedge-phrase "as it were". "
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The Etymology and Semantic Shift of "Humour", 2007.
An explanation of how the word humour has evolved and changed over time.
1,384 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the evolution of the word humour from its early appearance as a Latin noun through the ages with several references to works by Geoffrey Chaucer and William Shakespeare.
From the Paper
""Humour," according to Adrian Room's Dictionary of Changes in Meaning, is one of the most renowned words in the English language for its radical semantic shift (143). It is a descendant of the Latin noun umor, "moisture," which is related to the verbs umere "to be wet" and uvescere "to become wet"; and adjective umidus "wet" (Shipley, 441). The addition of the letter h to the beginning of the word is the result of an incorrect folk association to the Latin humus, which means earth or soil (Klein, 750; Harper).
"Its Indo-European root is ugw- and wegw- for "wet, moist, to sprinkle" (Klein, 750; Claiborne). The Old Norse wegw led to the expression "in its wake" from the Germanic *wakw- , "wet spot," referring to a crack in the ice. It has been suggested that its suffixed zero-grade form *ugw-sm is the base of the Latin humere. The suffixed zero-grade form *ugw-no led to the Greek hygros, "wet, liquid" (Watkins). Other words coming from the same root include the Armenian oyc, "fresh," and the Old Norse vokr, "moist, damp" (Klein, 750)."
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Revival of the Kaurna Language, 2007.
This paper focuses on why the Kaurna language was revived and how it was accomplished.
1,781 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that the Kaurna language is one of the main languages spoken by Indigenous peoples in and around the Adelaide region of Southern Australia. The writer notes that after the colonisation of South Australia in 1836, the population of the Kaurna people declined rapidly as they suffered from the effects of disease and displacement. Subsequently their language and culture experienced serious hardship. The writer looks at the importance of the Kaurna language to its people and by studying the techniques used to awaken the language from its dormancy. The writer points out that the revival of the Kaurna language is still an ongoing process, though much progress has already been made. Kaurna is now taught at all levels of education throughout Southern Australia. The writer concludes that whilst many steps have already been laid out to ensure the survival of Kaurna, it is up to future generations to take them and keep the language alive.
Outline:
Why Revive a 'Dormant' Language?
The Kaurna Language Revival
Resurrecting the Kaurna Phonology
Kaurna for a New Generation
From the Paper
"These texts were essentially a written record of the language of the Kaurna people for the English speaking colonists to read. Whilst there was little public interest in the text at its time of publication, even more so when the use of Kaurna was forbidden by government bodies in subsequent years, this publication has become a major tool in the revival of Kaurna for today's generation."
"The reclamation of the Kaurna language began around 1990 with the writing of six songs in a National Aboriginal Languages Program (NALP)
funded songwriters workshop. This was the first time the language had been used again in a creative manner and these songs were subsequently published into a songbook.
"Several workshops on the Kaurna language were held over the following years along with the introduction of Kaurna to some South Australian schools, helping the language to gain recognition once again."
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Swimming in the Morning, 2005.
This paper examines the poem "Morning Swim" by Maxine Kumin.
924 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer dissects Maxine Kumin's poem "Morning Swim" and notes that this poem has great imagery and rhyme scheme. It is noted that Kumin is a favorite poet of the writer's due to the way that she uses mundane experiences as a vehicle for serious ideas. The writer looks at the heart of the poem and then discusses the poet's word usage and use of rhyme. The writer maintains that Kumin definitely lives up to her reputation with her word usage and rhythm and concludes that it was interesting to delve in and draw out truths in Kumin's work.
From the Paper
"Her poetry reads more as a conversation, its deeper meaning imbedded in the word choices she makes than the image she describes. Her rhyming of the couplets in "Morning Swim" was done skillfully to reduce the singsong impression of the words by using enjambments and slant rhymes. She gives the nature around her, personas of its own. For example, allowing the fish to sing her name or treating the lake as an intimate lover. The meter of the poem also enjoins with the imagery to enhance the readers feeling of swimming. The metaphors, simplicity, and the technical tricks it employs give "Morning Swim" a memorable feeling of deeper meaning. "
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The implications of Metaphors on Organisational Life, 2007.
An overview of the use of metaphors in organisational situations.
3,925 words (approx. 15.7 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 106.95
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Abstract
This paper aims to critically review, examine and explain how different metaphors impact organisational life, with the help of academic text and examples from personal experience. This author has carried this out by focusing on three commonly used organisational metaphors. The paper has been roughly divided into four sections with the author concluding that while metaphors use evocative images to help us understand situations, if taken too seriously they can eventually lead to managers making poor decisions.
Outline:
Machine Metaphor
Organism Metaphor
Culture Metaphor
Illustration of Metaphors through my Organisational Experience
From the Paper
"Machine metaphor is arguably the most popular metaphor used in organisations and effectively the most influential metaphor to have influenced organisational life. This metaphor portrays an organisation as a machine, which is made up of several different parts, with each part playing a defined role, with the ultimate aim of achieving organisational goals and objectives. This mechanistic aspect is inherent in virtually all organisational functions, starting from planning, organising, and implementing to evaluation and control. In this concept people are considered as mere operators of machines and the focus is on maximum efficiency and productivity.
"Organisations that are designed and operated as if they were machines are usually called "bureaucracies" (Morgan, G, 1998). In mechanistic organisations things tend to be monotonous and predictable, such as arrival time, time for breaks, change over of employees, etc. Very often the work tends to be mechanical and repetitive, especially at the lower levels. Two of the greatest examples of the mechanistic model are Ford and McDonalds. During the industrial revolution, "the assembly line" by Ford proved to be a great success, and in the current times McDonalds has set up a great example by "mechanising the organisation of all its franchise outlets throughout the world, to produce a uniform product". (Morgan, G, 1998)."
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Content-Based Instruction of Foreign Languages, 2007.
An analysis of the benefits of content-centered instruction on English-as-a-second-language (ESL) study in Korea.
2,479 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 32 sources, APA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes how second language acquisition can be facilitated and made more efficient by content-centered instruction. It particularly focuses on English-as-a-second-language (ESL) study in Korea and how content-based instruction, blending language and culture can make teaching more effective. The paper also discusses the problems associated with not teaching foreign languages in this way.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Literature Review
Holistic Approach
Integration
CBI Benefits
Syllabus Design
Case Studies
Implications for KFL
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Clearly, the second language classes, whose importance is being fuelled by globalization, need an instructional system that links language and content to accommodate the cognitive, social and linguistic demands of a responsive and relevant educational system. The content-based instruction concept in ESL study is especially critical in countries like Korea where the written alphabet is phonetically distant from English. By integrating real-life events and situations with language, ESL study becomes a living entity that stirs the interest of students. There is more enthusiasm in the learning process to make learning itself more efficient and productive. Language and content when combined in ESL study unarguably provide more incentive for learning. In sum, second language study will be less interesting, less enjoyable and fulfilling and the acquisition of language proficiency will be slower and more painful if it is limited to language instruction. In the process, education will also fail in its goal to broaden cross-cultural knowledge of students. ESL students will acquire such a well-balanced knowledge if teaching and learning are organized around content or information rather than around forms, functions and situations or skills."
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False Memory Formation, 2008.
This paper discusses the effect of semantic relatedness on false memory formation.
1,337 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper describes a research that examined how some words can be falsely recalled during a memory recollection test. The writer explains that, in the research, one 23-year-old student completed an Internet based test that presented a sequence of words followed by a grid of 16 words. The writer notes that the participant selected which words in the grid had previously been shown. The participant correctly recalled 71.43% of previously presented words, 2.08% of non-semantically related words and 66.66% of semantically related words. The writer concludes that false memories are easy to create for words that are highly semantically related. The writer maintains that these results add weight to the semantic model of memory and arguments against other models of memory. Further, the writer notes that these results have important implications in the identification of suspects during criminal investigations.
Outline:
Abstract
Method
Results
Discussion
References
Appendix
From the Paper
"Endo and Masao demonstrated that knowledge about the false memory phenomena could alter results. They informed one group of participants about the false memory phenomena but not the other. Half of each group were then asked to respond within four seconds, the other within eight as to whether they 'remembered' seeing the word. Results showed that in the slow condition false memory rates were lower within the forewarned group compared to the uniformed group. However in the fast condition there was no significant difference between the forewarned and uninformed group. Thus in the current experiment the participant is likely to have made more errors had he been uninformed of the false memory phenomena and under time pressure. This would explain why these results do not vary more significantly in comparison to other research. Similarly how words are presented can affect results."
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