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The Development of Old French, 2001.
This paper examines the development of the Old French language before and after the Oaths of Strasbourg.
2,800 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
An insight into the history of Old French and how this language was developed and influenced by Latin. It examines the effect of the Oaths of Strasbourg on the growth of Old French as well as different considerations which effected Old French.
From the Paper
"The evolution of Old French language began in 52 Before Christ when Julius Cesar held the power over the continents of the Gaul. According to Columbian Encyclopedia, Gaul was under the Roman Empire in the first and second century. With the strong influence it brought, Latin spoken by the Romans gradually replaced the Gaelic, a Celtic language as the Gaul?s mother tongue, for a long time. Latin became the national language, spoken widely among people and became the root of recently spoken languages through Europe, including English (Le Tacon). "
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'The French Lieutenant's Woman' and Categorization, 2007.
This paper discusses John Fowles' exploration of categorization in 'The French Lieutenant's Woman'.
2,911 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 86.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the traits of order and categorization, without which society cannot function, are especially prominent in the Victorian society in which 'The French Lieutenant's Woman' is set. The writer points out that the Victorian era is an outstanding example of when categorization was taken to the extreme, almost completely suppressing the socially and scientifically inexplicable instead of incorporating it into a system as had been done in religion and superstition. The writer discusses that Fowles' experimentation with the most fundamental elements of the Victorian novel (for instance with their endings) clearly indicates that he actually uses his image of Sarah to highlight the limitations he suffers in his own position as author with an equal weight. The writer notes that Fowles shows, through his exploration of the categorization of the individual and the external world, and his evasion of authorial convention, that the problems of excessive categorization are just as much of a problem for the author himself - not just the world around him.
From the Paper
"That which makes The French Lieutenant's Woman most radical and arguably post-modern, however, is that Fowles goes beyond the implicit existentialism of modernist literature and becomes directly self-reflexive. He tackles the idea of unnecessary categorization far more directly by exploring it in his own position as author. Fowles demonstrates this in his unwillingness to be limited by basic premises of narrative of the conventional novel. Interruptions to the narrative, denial of authorial omniscience, moving backwards and forwards in time as easily as in the imagination - these are all attempts by Fowles to avoid being pinned down. The Victorian crusade of categorization, it seems, was still evident in the need for a 'second wave' of feminism in the 1960s - excessive categorization, while already established as a problem by some Victorians, required a 'second' wave for the internalization of this change in attitude."
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Effective Communication, 2008.
A discussion on the importance of effective communication and the reasons why it is an essential component of professional practice.
2,442 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the importance of effective communication. The paper begins by pointing out that communication is the number one problem of management of any social or government organization. The paper also points out that effective communication leads to higher productivity and job satisfaction. The paper then discusses the different barriers to effective communication and how to overcome those barriers. Additionally, the paper discusses effective communication factors. It concludes that effective communication means good business.
Outline:
Introduction
Barriers to Communication
Barriers due to Organization Structure
Barriers Due to Status and Position
Semantic Barriers
Tendency to Evacuate
Heightened Emotions
Lack of ability to Communicate
Inattention
Unclarified Assumptions
Resistance to change
Closed Minds
Overcoming Interpersonal Communication Barriers
Rules for Overcoming Internal Barriers
Rules for Overcoming External Barriers
Conferences
Networks
Effective Communication Factors
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Semantic is the science of meaning. Words seldom mean something to two persons. Symbols or words usually have a variety of meaning and the sender have to choose one meaning from among many. If both of them choose the same meaning, communication will be perfect.
"But this is not so always because of different of difference ion formal education and specific situations of the people. Strictly one cannot covey meaning, only one can do is to convey words. But the same words may suggest quite different meanings to different people, E.g., Profits may means to management efficiency and growth, whereas to employees it may suggest excess funds piled up through inadequate wages."
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The Birth of Sociolinguistics, 2008.
A comparison of the articles "Dell Hymes, Kenneth Burke's 'Identification,' and the Birth of Sociolinguistics" by Jay Jordan and "Do You Speak American?" by John Baugh.
1,040 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how Dell Hymes and Kenneth Burke offer compelling insight into the foundations of sociolinguistics using the key term of "Identification". The paper then analyzes Jay Jordan's scholarly article "Dell Hymes, Kenneth Burke's 'Identification,' and the Birth of Sociolinguistics" and contrasts it to John Baugh's popular press article "Do You Speak American?" The paper shows how, while Jordan's article is based on hard research without taking any one side, Baugh's article on Ebonics is based on the author's opinions and fueled by media exposure and political impact.
Outline:
Background
Issue
Scholarly Article
Popular Press Article
Discussion
From the Paper
""Sociolinguistics is the study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context on the way language is used. Sociolinguistics overlaps to a considerable degree with pragmatics" (Wikipedia). The study of sociolinguistics offers a view on how subtle or pronounced language variation can be a result of social variables such as ethnicity, religion, status, and level of education (Wikipedia). The importance of the study of sociolinguistics can be applied to a variety of applications; from legal precedence in a court of law to defining the true meaning, or as Kenneth Burke defined, the "identification" of the meaning of words in which context, setting, and other social factors are applied (Jordan)."
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Bilingual Education, 2006.
A discussion on the necessity for bilingual education in the interests of the country's inhabitants.
2,741 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the importance of offering bilingual education in US schools. The paper maintains that, because of the ever increasing numbers of English language learning students present in the American school system, the topic of bilingual education must be addressed. The paper relates that research into bilingual education has proven that it is the best way for ELL students to learn the language while maintaining literacy in their own native tongue. The paper argues that, in order to create a successful system, not only do we need to remove the misconceptions regarding ELL students and develop programs that will work for all students, but most importantly teachers need to be prepared and supported in order for the classroom experience to be successful.
From the Paper
" The first immigrants to this country were primarily northwestern European. With the abundance of land and the tendency for national groups to stay together in order to preserve their traditions language was not much of an issue. With the second wave of immigration to America, largely from southern and eastern Europe, the problems began. The original settlers began to fear for their customs and traditions when the new groups began to move in."
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Changing English Forever, 2006.
An examination of how post-colonial literature has influenced a change in the English language.
2,007 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses language change and presents the reasons for change. The paper states that literature offers one of the most important ways in which new perceptions are expressed. The paper gives examples of how political power, British culture, post colonial writers and untranslated words had an influence on the change in the English language. The paper comments that using these methods of taking English and changing it into a language that reflects the post colonial experience is one of the ways that the English language is changing.
From the Paper
"Another method of replacing language is when the author uses untranslated words in their work. Ashcroft, Griffiths and Tiffin explain that this method is a widely used device that conveys a sense of cultural distinctiveness. It is used both to distinguish between cultural differences but is also important when trying to interpret cultural concepts (63). Jamaica Kincaid uses this method in her story "Girl." She leaves a number of words such as benna and doukona untranslated (564). Deciding to not translate the words for the English speaking reader is a purposeful act, it forces the reader to feel out of the loop and uncomfortable, the way that many postcolonial writers are made to feel when writing in English."
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Analysis of Written and Spoken English, 2008.
A look at the impact of written and verbal English.
1,066 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a commentary that demonstrates an awareness of the impact of both written and spoken English in real world contexts. It initially identifies and discusses some of the aspects of written English in a specific piece of text, followed by a more general discussion of some of the features that relate to spoken English. The paper appends the article discussed.
Contents:
Introduction
Appendix 1 - Written Text extracted from www.nufc.com
From the Paper
"Thornbury (1997) gives six features (purpose, content, status, style, grammar, lexis and layout) which should be considered in relation to genre and I will cover some of these aspects due to the word limit restriction.
"The purpose is to give a factual account of events from the fans perspective. It is structured so that the 'headline' for the article is the result from the game, which is common in this genre. It is attention grabbing and appeals to everyone with an interest in that particular game. It is organised in such a way that there is a background to the current situation of the team first, followed by a chronological account of the main events throughout the match. In this genre, there is time for reflection and redrafting therefore the text is mainly composed of long, grammatically complex and accurate sentences. This is because the sentences are mostly comprised of at least one main or independent clause that can stand by itself as a grammatically viable simple sentence and one subordinate or dependent clause."
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The Influence of Language, 2008.
Looks at the non-attachment and the limitations of language as it influences philosophy especially Daoism and Buddhism.
1,585 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that there are strong similarities between Asian philosophies, such as Daoism and Buddhism, and their views on language, specifically how it shapes thoughts and world views. The paper then discusses the influence of language on and in the human mind to help provide a better understanding of basic Daoist and Buddhist principles.
From the Paper
"Another example of this is seen in the difference between English and some of the Romance languages with respect to some of the most common words. The prime example is the use of two verbs in these languages to convey different meanings of "to be." In English, she is a teacher, he is short, she is nice, he is sick, and she is sad. In Spanish, though, ella es una professora, el es bajo, ella es simpatico, el esta enferma, and ella esta triste. A differentiation between permanent and temporary states makes these languages more subtle and precise than English."
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Chicano English, 2007.
A discussion on Chicano linguistics and how it is unique and distinct, as it differs from both Standard Spanish and Standard English
2,093 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the origins, history, and evolution of Chicano English, described as a new and unique American dialect. The paper describes how the linguistic heritage of Chicano English, combined with unique phonetic qualities gave birth to a dialect which is directly descended from the immigrant experience. The paper concludes that the tapestry of forms ranging from the Spanish of the Ranchero experience, blended with the Americanization of the industrial revolution, and the modern urban experience all helped to create the amalgamation that is the Chicano dialect.
From the Paper
"A new foreword vision of prosperity was realized within the Mexican culture. Mexican immigrants desired to become integrated into American culture. This aspiration ultimately resulted in Hispanic participation in unions. "Additional evidence of this Americanization process was in the increased involvement in labor unions, especially the steel unions in the late 1930s, by Mexicans who participated not as Mexicans, but as American industrial workers". Obviously this type of integration into mainstream American culture would demand and that these first-generation Spanish speakers acquire Standard English in order to assimilate."
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Reader and 'So I am Glad', 2004.
This paper discusses whether the reader exists independently of the text or if the text creates its reader in A. L. Kennedy's 'So I am Glad'.
3,046 words (approx. 12.2 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 89.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that Jennifer M. Wilson, the narrator of A.L. Kennedy's 'So I am Glad', has decided to become a voice. The writer discusses that 'So I am Glad' is a romance, but not one of a common type. Besides being an impossible spiritual and sensual journey, it reveals itself as a complex postmodernist work of meta-fiction. The writer notes that Kennedy offers to her readers a meditation on the very power of writing and looks at how it brings her narrator Jennifer from indifference to passionate and compassionate love and self-discovery. The writer of this essay discusses that despite Kennedy's refusal to be pinned down to any literary 'philosophy', the richness of the novel appears to be a perfect example of showing the place that the reader takes in literature in general and, in particular, in relation with the text and its author. Thus, the text being an end in itself from a postmodernist eye, the author shows how independent the reader exists towards the literary text. However, since the text is a medium between the author and its reader, one is drawn to ask whether the author creates the reader or whether the reader is, indeed, another performer of the text.
From the Paper
"Jennifer's possessive claim of these very specific moments of inviolability or privacy intensifies the text's self-referentiality, and Jennifer's self-consciousness of being a writer. This almost constant interaction between the intended reader and the text, with the reader entirely created out of the writer's mind, allows us to show the extent to which the reader is present, not only in the writer's mind, but also in the literary text itself. The text, at least in these instances, is what produces the reader. The reader is included within the text and, to some extent, is part of the narrative.
"Since Kennedy's novel So I am Glad is a metafictional work, disclosing to its reader the keys of its own artificial construction, its own textuality, it allows us, through a postmodernist reading of the text, to understand how the writer-text-reader relationship works."
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