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Crime Control Vs. Due Process, 2008.
The paper discusses how the crime control and due process points of view contribute valuable elements to systems of justice.
918 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that a strict crime control focus in penal regulation could virtually ensure the complete elimination of crime in society as well as certain punishment for all violators. The paper explains further that to balance this, the due process perspective prohibits deprivation of the individual's property or liberty without established procedures or processes governing the proper exercise of police authority.
Outline:
Introduction
Balancing the Interests of Crime Control and Due Process
From the Paper
"In principle, crime control and due process are two opposite philosophical perspectives about crime prevention and punishment in society. However, in practical application, each point of view contributes valuable elements to any system of justice. Without fundamental aspects of crime control, effective policing and prosecution of penal violations would be all but impossible; but without due process protections, everyone in society - both criminals and non-criminals - would be subjected to intrusive state actions with little regard for personal privacy or even the sanctity of one's home.'
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Kidney Trafficking, 2008.
A discussion of the illegal trafficking of kidneys around the world.
2,215 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the case against Dr. Horror-Amit Kumar, the alleged mastermind of a shocking and reportedly expansive kidney trafficking ring, which has raised eyebrows in Canada, Europe, the United States, India and in civilized societies around the world. The paper explains that a clandestine, crime-syndicate-driven network of doctors have been providing stolen kidneys to wealthy people in India and other venues. The paper claims that this is an outrageously unethical and illegal violation of values and human rights. It argues for a world-wide cooperative strategy, run through the United Nations, the World Health Organization, or other respected international agencies, that will address the best way to get needed organs to people regardless of their ability to pay. The paper concludes that this issue has not received serious attention because Western nations are preoccupied with fighting terrorism.
From the Paper
"These illegally harvested kidneys were believed to have been transplanted into "more than 500 kidneys into foreign and well-paying Indian patients." Where did Kumar and his colleagues get those kidneys? The Star claims that Kumar made a "desperate attempt to bribe Nepalese police" when they arrested him in his hotel room in southern Nepal. Reportedly, Kumar offered police "2 million rupees" if they would let him go. They refused.
"Moreover, reports in the Star indicate that Kumar "and his network forcibly removed kidneys from more than 500 poor laborers over a period of nine years." One of those men was an Indian laborer named Shakeel Ahmad, according to the Star (February 10, 2008), who stood on the side of the main road to Delhi as he always did, waiting for someone to pick him up and offer him a job digging ditches or hauling heavy materials."
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False Accusations, 2008.
This paper discusses how a person's reputation may be ruined by accusations and concentrates on the case of baseball star Barry Bonds.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer points out that the reputation of a political figure, of an eminent student, or of an athlete is one of the most important aspects of his career. However, the writer notes that once a scandal breaks out in which one's reputation is torn apart, no matter the actions undertaken following such an event or whether one is guilty of the charges being brought upon him or not, that reputation can rarely be saved and rebuilt. The writer discusses that the case of baseball star Barry Bonds is a worthy example of the fact that scandals, regardless of their factual support, can decisively ruin one's reputation and image, not only towards the fans, but also in regard to the sponsors and investors. The writer concludes that in the eyes of the world, Bonds is guilty for the simple fact of having cast a doubt on his performances and may end up being labeled as just another player on steroids.
From the Paper
"The rivalry existing between the two of them manifested at all levels, but especially concerning the physical abilities. In an attempt to take away the chance of winning new standards on world records, Bonds appealed to Anderson, a weightlifting trainer, who provided the athlete steroids as well. The visible changes that were noticed on Bonds' body made the world suspicious over the possibility of the athlete using steroids. However, neither his innocence nor his guilt can so far be proved.
"There are those who argue in support of the athlete's innocence, and others who argue against. Bonds' claims of innocence are based on the idea that although his test results did come up suggesting he has taken steroids, knowingly, he did not consume any enhancing performance drugs."
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Physical Exercise and Stress Reduction, 2008.
A look at physical fitness and correction officer stress reduction at Attica Prison, New York.
4,338 words (approx. 17.4 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 114.95
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Abstract
Correction officers face many job demands that create tension in the workplace and in other areas of their lives. Stress stems from many sources, including the constant threat of physical violence, and tensions with co-workers. This paper explores sources of job stress and various methods for combating job stress among corrections officers. It supports the thesis that physical exercise plays a major role in the reduction of stress among correction officers in the Attica Prison in New York. It also suggests steps that can be taken to increase physical activity and reduce stress among corrections at this facility.
Outline:
Benefits to the Facility
Impact of Stress on Correction Officers
Sources of Stress for Correction Officers
A Review of Current Stress Management Strategies
Critical Incident Stress Management Team
Stress Reduction and Exercise
Conclusions and Recommendations
From the Paper
"A comparison of various programs across the United States revealed that in most cases, these services are provided in-house. Only a small number contract these services from outside the facility (Finn, 2000). New York State has a Stress Debriefing Team which consists of officer peers available to law enforcement and correction officers that experience a critical incident (Finn, 2000). This program includes debriefing by peers for the officer and referral to EAP in some cases (Finn, 2000). The program is available to family members and civilians that are close to the situation. No budget is provided for this program. Officers staff it themselves on a voluntary basis. "
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Is Legislating Morality Immoral?, 2008.
An argument that the legislative attempts to moralize victimless behavior have created a crisis of over-criminalization in America.
1,558 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
The paper addresses the phenomenon of over-criminalization in America today. The paper discusses how there is a proliferation of laws that punish people for behavior that, while considered immoral by some portion of the population, has no real victims and creates no lasting harms. The paper contends that although determining criminal behavior is a moral process, a freedom-based society has to balance society's moral views with the concepts of personal liberty and justice.
From the Paper
"To understand how overcriminalization happens, one must first understand criminalization. Lawmakers respond to societal pressures by creating laws to address new social issues. This is not an inherently negative process. For example, before the advent of the internet, many behaviors that are currently considered criminal were not considered crimes and placed people in danger of victimization. This has happened in the area of violent crimes as well. As recently as a century ago, child molestation was not generally acknowledged, and such behavior was certainly not criminalized. As society became aware that child molestation was a problem, the behavior began to be criminalized. Furthermore, as society became aware of how serious and dramatic the impact of molestation is on a child's life, legislators responded by increasing the penalties for those crimes. In circumstances such as those described above, criminalization is a positive phenomenon because it penalizes behavior that has the potential for creating serious harm and is, by its nature, victimizing."
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Sentencing of Minorities, 2008.
A look at disparities in the court system in the sentencing of minorities.
8,689 words (approx. 34.8 pages), 20 sources, APA, $ 182.95
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Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to show that there is disparity between the sentencing guidelines that are given to Caucasians and to non-Caucasians and to look at the extent race plays a part in the prosecution for different crimes. In an effort to be fair, opposing views on this subject are discussed and the problems and proposed solutions are discussed as well. By examining all of these issues, it attempts to show that individuals who are of minority races often meet with harsher punishments than others who come into the criminal justice system.
Outline:
Introduction
Review of Literature
Hypotheses
Research Design
Analysis of Data
Implications of Proposed Research
From the Paper
"There are many more minorities in the prison system and on death row than there are Caucasian individuals, and there are more men than women. For the purposes of this paper the gender differences will not be an issue. Whether they are male or female will be irrelevant; the only concern will be with what race they belong to. According to the Supreme Court, there should be equal treatment for all individuals who are found to the guilty of an infraction of the law (Saltzburg, 2003). This should be true regardless of the race of the individuals but sadly there seems to be loopholes in the criminal justice system which cause many of these individuals to fall into difficulty with the law and then to have trouble getting out of this cycle of scrutiny and arrest (Thompson, 1999). "
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Academic Dishonesty, 2008.
A compreshensive account of cheating with examples of dishonesty throughout American society today.
948 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper states that academic dishonesty is not a new phenomenon, and suggests that the practice dates back thousands of years. The paper then points out that studies have shown that academic dishonesty is on the rise in academic institutions across the United States. To determine what might explain this increase, this paper provides a review of the relevant peer-reviewed and scholarly literature to identify the potential causes, followed by a discussion of a suggested remedy. A summary of the research and important findings are provided in the conclusion.
Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
conclusion
From the Paper
"Perhaps as no other time in history, cheating is easier than ever and examples of dishonesty extend throughout American society today. Scarcely a day goes by without headlines trumpeting yet another professional athlete gone bad, a major company caught in a scandal, or a university professor caught with his academic pants down as past instances of plagiarism are brought to light. According to Rakovski and Levy (2007), recent shenanigans at companies such as Enron, WorldCom and Adelphia have focused attention on the ethical behavior of business leaders and what part higher education should play in training future leaders. These authors caution, "If students exhibit unethical and dishonest behavior in college, they may carry those attitudes and behaviors into the workplace" (p. 466). Whitley and Keith-Spiegel (2002) attribute the prevalence of academic dishonesty among college students today to their "having been raised in an era of decline in public morality, [but] cheating and other forms of academic dishonesty are not new problems. These behaviors have existed as long as there have been tests and will probably continue as long as students are evaluated" (p. 3). The role of the nation's colleges and universities in preventing this type of behavior is a common theme that emerges from the literature. In this regard, Huffman (2006) reports that, "Schools can't control the messages of the pop culture, but they do have a large measure of influence and some control over the culture of the school."
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Juvenile Death Penalty, 2008.
This paper argues in favor of the decision to ban the death penalty for juveniles.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that the juvenile death penalty stemmed from laws in certain states that allowed juveniles to be tried as adults for certain crimes. In March of 2005, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty for those who were tried as adults for crimes committed when they were under 18 was cruel and unusual punishment. The development of the juvenile death penalty and the decision to declare it unconstitutional has been a topic of controversy that reached global proportions. The writer examines the development, ramifications and circumstances that led to the abolishment of the juvenile death penalty in the United States. The writer supports the thesis that the Supreme Court decision to ban the death penalty for juveniles is in alignment with Constitutional law and supports this decision.
Outline:
Legal History and Context of the Juvenile Death Penalty
Recent legal History
The Demographic Myth
Political Ramifications
Conclusion
From the Paper
"These executions did not happen in the early history of the United States, but occurred in modern times.
"Execution of males for the commission of crimes involving intolerable suffering of another are considered socially acceptable. However, the death penalty for certain other demographic groups has been considered questionable. In older times, the execution of women, juveniles, and others were not considered any different from those of a male. However, times have changed and society now questions the practice of executing the mentally retarded, women, and juveniles. The rules of changed and so must the laws of the land. The laws of the land are meant to serve society, rather than society serving the system."
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Identity Theft, 2008.
This paper discusses the management of the risk of identity theft, both online and offline.
1,140 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that according to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), identity theft is the fastest growing form of white collar crime, costing American consumers and businesses approximately $50 billion in the United States in 2006. The writer discusses that the ever-increasing use of the Internet presents more targets of opportunity, particularly among new computer users unfamiliar with high tech information theft scams. However, the common perception that on-line activity is the greatest threat to personal information security is inaccurate; actually, more identity theft results from traditional off-line consumer transactions, especially those whose procedures typically involve relinquishing physical possession of a credit card to an employee who leaves the presence of the card's owner, such as in restaurants. The writer maintains that the most important method of protecting one's personal information on-line is through the use of passwords. Passwords should never be based on personal information like birth dates, because these are easily deduced by identity thieves with access to that information, which many people divulge in on-line personal profiles. The writer concludes that likewise, one's wireless connection should have all security features enabled and all software updates, especially anti-virus software.
Outline:
Introduction - Understanding the Problem
Protecting Private Information Off-line
Protecting Private Information On-line
General ID Information Safety
From the Paper
"One of the easiest sources of other people's private information is household trash. Therefore, it is essential to use a cross-cut paper shredder to destroy any papers containing personal information such as financial accounts, credit card statements, credit card applications and loan offers, and medical records, which often include Social Security numbers within patient billing information.
"With your Social Security number, identity thieves can obtain drivers licenses in your name, as well as open bank accounts and lines of financial credit which they can exhaust, leaving you the debtor of record. In many instances, thieves may submit fraudulent change-of-address forms at the post office enabling them to redirect your mail to an alternate address. Therefore, any apparent disruption, reduction, or delay in mail should be reported to the local post office for confirmation of your address on record and any recent change requests."
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Robotic Uses in Law Enforcement, 2008.
A research paper that develops a best practices guide to the use of robotic technology for law enforcement and military authorities.
4,668 words (approx. 18.7 pages), 20 sources, APA, $ 120.95
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Abstract
The paper aims to identify current applications of robotics in law enforcement and military settings, to determine future trends in the use of robotics and to provide a best practices model for law enforcement and military authorities to use when deciding which, if any, robotic application is appropriate for their purposes. The paper outlines the methodology to achieve the above-stated objectives and summarizes its findings in the conclusion.
Outline:
Introduction and Background
Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The ineffectiveness of this model in responding to both natural and manmade disasters since that time, though, has highlighted the need for identifying improved ways of delivering emergency response services when existing protocols and assumptions no longer apply or the resources upon which they rely are not available. Indeed, today, security is the guiding framework for understanding the modern world in the United States in terms of both law (e.g., the USA Patriot Act, 2001) and in terms of its stated official policy (i.e., the National Security Strategy of the USA, 2002) (Crampton, 2003)."
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