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Incarceration and Mental Illness, 2008.
This paper analyzes the psychology of criminals in correctional facilities.
1,093 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
The paper assesses the psychology of criminals in correctional facilities, assessing the mental status of criminals before entering correctional facilities and the training and resulting mental status of prisoners on release. The paper attempts to define whether any connections exist between an offender's personal background and rates of psychological impairment of mental illness resulting from his incarceration. The paper uses a person who is granted parole versus one who is on probation in order to show whether probation is always the best answer for someone scarred with a mental illness resulting from his incarceration.
Outline:
Introduction
Analysis
Rules and Regulations
From the Paper
"Pustilnik (2005) provides some of the most comprehensive research on the effects of prison or incarceration on the mind, especially with respect to mental illness resulting from incarceration. In fact, the researcher presents many of the questions the author attempts to answer, with scientific research providing detailed analysis of mental illness in criminal justice and resulting from incarceration. Pustilnik (2005) hypothesizes that confinement within correctional institutions may create "intangible social value" when criminals are taught personal responsibility. However, the author also notes that reform typically is only possible among criminals who feel remorse (p. 217) and among criminals who receive therapeutic assistance while incarcerated to address mental illness as it occurs in the correctional facility."
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Combined DNA Index System (CODIS), 2008.
An analysis of the uses, limitation and future of the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS).
1,708 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper explains CODIS, which is the 'Combined DNA Index System'. The paper provides the historical information relating to CODIS and discusses why the database was established by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. It also explains its use, applications and limitations. The paper then examines the predicted and probable future uses of CODIS.
Table of Contents:
Objective
Introduction
Overview of CODIS
Uses of CODIS
CODIS Applications
CODIS Limitations
Future of CODIS
From the Paper
"Stated as a limitation of the use of CODIS is that in mass fatality incidents it is reported that each human remain is likely to match several samples. It is not to say a person would go unidentified but instead the limitation would be that individuals would be identified multiple times. Another limitation that exist with the CODIS system is that contamination or degradation of a sample may inhibit the ability to make a genetic profile. (Cheng, Garofalo, Keung, Li, Nguyen, and Wharton, 2006) Instructions provided for avoidance of contamination of degradation of samples are inclusive of the following: (1) "Wear gloves. Change them often; (2) Use disposable instruments or clean them thoroughly before and after handling each sample; (3) Avoid touching the area where you believe DNA may exist; (4) avoid talking, sneezing, and coughing over evidence; (5) Avoid touching your face, nose, and mouth when collecting and packaging evidence; (6) Air-dry evidence thoroughly before packaging; and (7) Put evidence into new paper bags or envelopes, not into plastic bags. Do not use staples." (National Institute of Justice, 2007)"
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Death Penalty, 2008.
An analysis of the death penalty argument from the point of view of the utilitarian and the deontological moral theories.
1,286 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the debate over the death penalty in the United States. It specifically examines capital punishment from the perspective of the utilitarian as well as the deontological moral theories in order to help us understand the issue better. The paper argues that in the interest of the greater well-being of the society it is permissible to award the death penalty for the worst and barbarous criminals acts.
Table of Contents:
Thesis
Introduction
Capital Punishment
Utilitarian and Deontological Perspectives
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Punishments are imposed to reduce the probability of crimes happening and for restoring social order. The assessment as to whether Death penalty is essential or if it can be substituted with non-lethal alternatives is complicated. Ethical, moral and spiritual considerations are to be evaluated in deciding upon whether or not capital punishment is necessary. Sympathetic considerations must not allow an escape hatch for convicted heinous criminals who have seriously undermined social order and harmony by breaking the law. Sometimes the perpetrator is in flagrant violation of ethical and moral laws (like terrorists and serial killers) and hence under these circumstances the moral dilemma, even if it arises, is only superficial. Capital punishment, thus, cannot be totally dismissed as unjust, and in the interest of greater well-being of the society it is permissible to award death penalty in such situations."
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Capital Punishment, 2008.
Argues that the death penalty goes against moral thought and all sense of moral proportion.
2,751 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the death penalty and asserts that it is an unsatisfactory approach to serious crimes. The paper discusses that the main arguments raised by death penalty opponents are the risk of executing the wrong person and the inherent wickedness of execution itself. The paper states that opponents have given greater emphasis to the first argument and believed that technological advancement would bear out and exonerate innocent convicts. Unfortunately, the focus on the first main argument is erroneous as, in fact, current technology, specifically DNA fingerprinting, debunks that argument. Only the second argument is left as ultimate proof that the death penalty is an unsatisfactory approach.
Outline :
The Excellence and Reliability of DNA Fingerprinting
Other Flaws of the Death Penalty
Public Opinion Against the Death Penalty
Reforms in the Death Penalty System Recommended
The Inherent Wickedness of Execution
From the Paper
"The death penalty has other serious defects, which make it an unsatisfactory approach to solving these crimes. Goldberg (1989) says that its deterring effect was, at best, only in the slightest degree. This was in the form of an internalization of society's threat that some crimes can be really so horrible that the person who commits them will have to give his life back as a repayment. The death penalty intends to discourage the commission of these crimes by heightening the fear of death and by associating it with such crimes. Society induces the internalizing of this association in people. The imposition and the internalizing, however, occur only in people's minds. No evidence has shown that potential murders consciously weigh the alternatives before committing a serious crime."
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Methods used in Crime Investigation, 2008.
An analysis of the history and integrity of various methods of crime investigation.
1,172 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses various tools that are used today in criminal investigation. It focuses on the polygraph, voice stress analyzers, ways to preserve the integrity of the crime scene and DNA analysis and fingerprints. It also looks at the history of the methods, how they are used in crime investigation and their validity and integrity as investigative tools.
Table of Contents:
Polygraph
Crime Scene Integrity
DNA Analysis and Fingerprints
From the Paper
"Other methods such as ninhydrin coloring and luminescence detection suing DFO reagent are more sensitive and hence effective even with lesser traces of the substrate (range of 100 to 200ng and 1 to 10ng respectively) In some cases after initial treatment with ninhydrin, zinc and cadmium salt treatment can be used to enhance luminescence. Physical development can be used separately or in addition to DFO treatment. This process is similar to the common photographic development process using silver nitrate solution. (Dr Chris Lennard (2001)). Arches, whorls, loops and composites are the four different patterns under which fingerprints are classified. Earlier, comparing fingerprints used to be manual and time consuming. Today, however computers can match a persons fingerprint with more than a million fingerprints stored in its database in a few seconds. This is possible because the FBI and the National Crime Information Center (NCIC) use automated fingerprint identification systems using the standardised fingerprint classification system called the FPC. The computer generates a geometric graph based on the positions of the ridge endings and the ridge branching. Experts then compare closely matching results from the computer search for exact identification. (Courtroom Television Network)."
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Criminal Justice: Substantive vs. Procedural Law, 2008.
This paper compares substantive versus procedural law and the related concepts of substantive and procedural due process.
1,336 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses and explains the differences between substantive and procedural law and substantive and procedural due process. The paper then examines its applications to policing structures world wide, juvenile delinquency and the American criminal justice and policing system.
Outline:
Substantive vs. Procedural Law
Various Forms of Police Structures Throughout the World
Patterns Juvenile Delinquency Throughout the World/How Determine Who Juvenile?
From the Paper
"There are varying policing structures throughout the world, including those in Japan that emphasize a more empathetic and rehabilitative policing structure, where police agents are encouraged to take on a more parental role in rehabilitating criminals, to that of a more socialized policing system, as that in China, where crime is addressed under more stringent and directed manners (Weiss, 2000). In Poland, the criminal justice system is described by Weiss (2000) as one that is privatized, represented by "growing state repressive arsenals" where corporations and individuals have more control over security and where policing takes on many different forms, reflecting formal state sanctions throughout regions of Poland (p. 1). This compared with private security firms in China that operate more as "wholly owned subsidiaries of the state Public Security Ministry" (Weiss, 2000, p. 1). Privatization is a model used in many countries aside from Poland, including in Brazil, and is often used to "deconstruct the political and state-organized nature of violent social control" many associate with other forms of policing (Weiss, 2000, p. 1). Many suggest that privatization is the key to promoting less violence, however, there is the possibility of increased brutalization and terror under such systems. "
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Criminal Justice, 2008.
A review of the perfect criminal justice system.
1,341 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
The paper proposes the perfect criminal justice system, one that focuses on networking and collaboration among policing agencies, communities, legal representatives and those accused of or prosecuted for criminal activity. The paper states that the perfect criminal justice system will also concentrate on rehabilitative measures for criminals incarcerated younger than age 40, as research suggests that individuals receiving counseling are less likely to become repeat offenders than those who are simply punished and then released. The paper concludes that the perfect system is not a system that focuses on hostility or punishment for non-malevolent crimes; rather one where communities actively collaborate with legal authorities to build better communities and social networks.
Outline:
Introduction
The System Theory
Reform and Community Collaboration in the Perfect System
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The perfect criminal justice system begins with theory. The theories underlying the perfect system should rely on positive reinforcement and authentic repentance and reform among criminals (Goold, 2004). This system is modeled somewhat after the idealized Japanese policy system, where the policeman encourages during the initial point of contact, or interrogation, the offender to fell "tearful relief" as like "a child when confession of wrongdoing to his parents results in a gentle laugh and warm hug" (Goold, 2004, p.14). Typically the American criminal justice system has focused on retaliation and retribution; this opposes the system introduced here, where policemen should focus on being known for warm, supportive yet just and effective care, not simple strictness (Johnson, 2003) which is more likely to lead to less reform and increasing crime."
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Academic Fraud, 2008.
An examination of a notorious case of academic fraud concerning ethics in psychology.
1,344 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the "notorious" case of academic fraud by Sir Cyril Lodowic Burt as presented by H. Beloff. The research focuses on the ethical problem presented, the ethical principles breached according to the Australian codes of ethics, the motives and justifications of a commitment of this breach, justification for such actions and solutions for dealing with instances of academic fraud. The paper states that while a brief discourse on the case of Sir Cyril is provided, the primary purpose of the case is to prevent fraud from occurring in the future.
Outline:
Academic Fraud
Cyril Burt
Ethical Issues and Disputes
Code of Ethical Conduct
Proposed Solutions and Actions
From the Paper
"The cardinal principles of the Australian Code of Ethics as dictated by the Australian Ethical Society (2003) suggest the following principles must be applied in psychology and in evaluation of academic fraud: (1) professionals have a duty to act using well-informed conscious decision-making, (2) professionals engaged in academic investigation have a duty to act in the interests of the community they serve, (3) professionals and academics have a duty to accept responsibility for the health, safety and welfare of their community before the welfare of their private or personal interests and (4) professionals have an obligation to act with honesty and in good faith to the community, and apply their skill and knowledge in the interests of the community."
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Corporate Fraud, 2008.
A review of fraud that occurs in business operations and the problems encountered.
1,723 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
The paper presents an analytical research report regarding the problem of corporate fraud and the lack of ethics that is leading to scandals and serious ethical and legal violations.
Outline:
Corporate Fraud and ethical problems in Business world
Enron: A case in point
What has been done?
From the Paper
"There is probably one name that doesn't escape anyone's mind when we talk about corporate fraud. And this name is that of Enron. No discussion of corporate fraud is ever complete without the name of Enron. Enron was formed when two energy companies, Houston Natural Gas and InterNorth, decided to merge their operations in 1985. The company achieved tremendous success, as energy trading firm and it was the first firm of its kind where energy was traded as any other commodity. In the short span of 15 years, the company managed to gain rise to heights of success as it turned from a regulated natural gas company into world's largest energy trader. With 21,000 employees and operations in more than 30 countries, the company it seemed was doing extremely well and this was further supported by the evidence presented by its auditors."
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Criminal Justice - Crime & Punishment, 2008.
A descriptive perception of the concept of crime and punishment, social control, and defined concepts of justice.
1,646 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The paper states that only the human species is known to inflict pain purely for retribution. The fact that justice and punishment for rule violations are evident in animals, and that different human cultures have defined justice, crime, and punishment in myriad, and often in mutually contradictory terms, suggests the need to establish objective principles for concepts of justice that are indeed just. The paper concludes that "justice" incorporates objective rules without basis, which reflect the strength to impose the will of the of those more powerful in society, over the less powerful. The paper also states that crime and punishment are exclusive to human societies, notwithstanding our current relative inability to administer those concepts uniformly and justly, in most human society.
Outline:
A Survey of Cultural Variation of Crime and Punishment Throughout History
Toward the Objective Standard of Justifiable Criminal Definitions and Punishment
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In particular, purposeful actions on the part of society or dominant group of leaders to address unwanted behaviors or actions of the individual is apparent among many animal species, such as in relation to violations of established social and pair-bonding relationships and hierarchy of access to food and other natural resources (Gerrig & Zimbardo 2005). In certain primates, for example, group members risk both physical retaliation and elements of social exclusion if they are discovered by other group members to have hidden or failed to share resources by not disclosing its existence or location."
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