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Article Review: "Possible Antecedents of Correctional Staff Work", 2008.
This paper identifies the types of data and variables contained in the research by Eric Lambert and Nancy Hogan entitled 'Possible Antecedents of Correctional Staff Work on Family Conflict'.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper explores an article that presents the exploratory research by Lambert and Hogan entitled 'Possible Antecedents of Correctional Staff Work on Family Conflict' and reported in a 2006 "Professional Issues in Criminal Justice: A Professional Journal". The author points out that the nominal level of measurement was the control variables labeled "Personal Characteristics", such as gender, age and position. The paper reports that the measures of the variables, other than those of the personal characteristics, were on a sliding scale, which could not be interpreted as ordinal data or variables. The author reports that the independent variables were the level of job danger, role ambiguity, role conflict, instrumental communication (performance feedback), integration, input to decision-making, supervision, job variety and organizational fairness; the dependent variable of work on family conflict was rated at several different levels.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Nominal Data / Nominal Variables
Ordinal Data / Ordinal Variables
Interval Data / Interval Variables
Ratio Data / Ratio Level Variables
Methodology of Research
Proposed Version of Similar Research
From the Paper
"The goal of yielding a bounty of ratio data would require an expansion of the dependent variable on the survey. In the present research, work on home conflict was limited to nine items varying from time conflict to strain or harm to family life. The researchers determined that only five of the independent variables had a statistically significant influence upon work on home conflict If it is desired to obtain more ratio data, then a new survey should be prepared emphasizing the five areas most likely to antecede work on home conflict and of those items rate the level of each area of work on home conflict established by the first survey."
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Justice Management in Canada, 2008.
This paper looks at police management within Canada, with a focus on changing police cultures.
2,341 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses recent as well as traditional problems which plague Canadian police departments. The paper looks at how practices have changed so as to create a more supple, responsive and "fair" police services architecture. The paper then examines the challenges police culture will present in the future. The paper shows how progress has certainly been made, but more can still be done.
From the Paper
"To begin with, it is fairly evident that police leaders must take pro-active steps to mold (or re-mold) the organizational culture percolating below them insofar as concerns about the secretive and sometimes troubling nature of Canadian police culture have existed for a number of years. For example, in the middle 1970s, studies critical of Canadian police culture began to surface. One of the more notorious of these was a 1974 paper contributed to the Fourth International Symposium of Comparative Criminology, held in Montreal, Quebec. In this study, much mention was made of police sub-cultures which privileged solidarity, possessed a suspicious, paranoid mind-set, a moral conservatism and right-wing political views."
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Zundel, Revisionism and the Media, 2008.
This paper explores the media coverage of the Ernest Zundel revisionist case.
1,469 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
The paper details the case involving Ernst Zundel's arrests, deportations and finally imprisonment in Germany. The paper examines three mainstream (nominally non-biased) sources and three "alternative" and admittedly biased websites and the differences between how the two sides cover this case. The paper looks at the Daily Times of Maryville, Tennessee, the Times-Colonist of Victoria, B.C. and the Hamilton Spectator by Bill Dunphy. The paper also examines three alternative sites, revisionists.com, www.ihr.com and www.rense.com. The paper discusses how the definition of revisionism is dependent upon the context.
From the Paper
"Ernst Zundel is a German-born writer and political activist, and was a legal resident of Canada for approximately 40 years until his move to the United States in 2000. He was arrested by U.S. immigration authorities in February of 2003 at his home in Tennessee, where he had come to live with his American wife. The basis for the arrest was a technical violation of U.S. immigration regulations, despite the fact that Zundel had no prior criminal record and was in the process of attempting to acquire legal U.S. residency status, in addition to the fact of being married to a U.S. citizen. He was held in custody by U.S. authorities for several weeks before being deported to Canada, at which point he was held in custody by Canadian authorities for two years as a threat to national security (Rimland.)"
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Constitutional Violation in Law Enforcement, 2008.
This paper discuses the 4th, 5th, and 6th Amendments to the U.S. Constitution in relationship to law enforcement.
1,745 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the difference between Constitutional prohibitions and the rights of the citizens. The author points out that all rights belong to the individual, and are delegated to the government by the citizens. The paper relates that the Bill of Rights is not a list of the rights of the citizens but rather prohibitions against the government from taking specific rights away from them. The author states that the 4th Amendment contains restrictions in the use of searches and seizures by law enforcement; the most common violation of this amendment is searching individuals without having a search warrant. The paper tells that a part of the 5th Amendment prohibits self-incrimination as discussed in the case of "Spano v. New York'". The author underscores that the 6th Amendment provides the right to counsel, which is the core argument in the case of "United States v. Wade".
From the Paper
"The victim left the bar, and suspect walked back to his apartment and got his gun. It was then that the suspect went to a local candy store where the victim was known to frequent, that he shot the victim five times. The only witness was a young boy. A week later a grand jury issued a warrant to arrest Spano for the murder of the victim. Two days later Spano surrender himself to the police, and was accompanied by his attorney. The attorney instructed Spano not to answer any of the questions outside his presence. It is after Spano's attorney left when the case takes on the typical television police drama plot."
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Toronto Youth Gangs, Rationales and 'Moral Panic', 2007.
An examination of youth gangs in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA).
2,044 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the youth gang problem in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). The paper explains that governmental, academic and media sources tend to discuss the gangs only in a social context, ignoring profit motivations centred on the crack cocaine industry. The paper also looks at how youth gang activity in the GTA is more entrenched than a decade ago. The paper stresses how most sources fail to identify the central factor of a crack economy that is most lucrative, notably in academic sources that may present theories and models which fail to consider differences in the crack industry supporting gangs. In conclusion, the paper shows that persons supplying millions in crack to Toronto each year are not victims of troubled identity and membership, bad housing, educational failure or the results of bigotry, but people motivated by profits.
Outline:
Introduction
Extent of Gang Activity
Varied Perceptions
Significant Crime
Concluding Discussion
From the Paper
"Educated opinion indicates a liberal position equating gang membership with poverty, low opportunity or other disadvantage in a now usual rationale given minority members to engage in criminal youth gangs. The public can be unaware of 'white' gang members or gangs without particular ethnic origin or members by no means from deprived backgrounds. The culture of delinquency involves profiting from a deadly dug, as stressed later, though the educated public can seem more concerned by police approaches to youths arrested at younger than 14 or arrests made more often within one community than another. When the Toronto Police Service cracked down on the Crips-back New Born Assassins in the Keele-Eglinton area, in response to violent planned muggings, critics noted that those arrested were mainly 14 to 15 years old, charged with conspiracy to commit an indictable robbery, robbery and disguise with intent to commit an indictable offence; the public can be unclear as to why arrests are made when youths are 'not guilty' of an actual offense."
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Criminal Justice Issues, 2008.
An analysis of criminal justice issues in the United States and an explanation for criminal delinquency.
3,334 words (approx. 13.3 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 95.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews several criminal justice issues. Specifically, it looks at how crime is measured in the United States, the intersection between criminological theory and the social contract theory, the various key standards of insanity which have persisted in America over time and the evolving role of victims in criminal matters. The paper then concludes by offering up the writer's eclectic theoretical explanation for criminal delinquency and how this can be proved.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Criminal Justice Issues
Issue One
Issue Two
Issue Three
Issue Four
Issue Five
From the Paper
"Punishment and/or treatment programs which should best assist those who have already committed wrongful acts (under my multi-pronged approach) would include remedial education programs, drug treatment programs (where applicable); perhaps programs which teach young people about anger management and relationship skills; and out-reach and mentoring programs with those who have gone down a similar path and turned their lives around. In terms of punishment, I would argue that those who seduce young people into prostitution, who lead them into gangs, and who compel them to engage in felonious conduct are people who should be dealt with most severely."
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White-Collar Crime, 2008.
This paper analyzes the rise of white-collar crime within the United States in relation to John Maynard Keynes' and Adam Smith's free market systems.
3,081 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
The paper examines how the free market global economy has played a large role in increasing corporate crimes. The paper looks at the conflict between the economic theories of Adam Smith and John Maynard Keynes and shows how the details of economic global free market systems can identify the problems of 20th century white-collar crime within the discourse of rights and justice-based theory. The paper presents a strategic plan that will address systemic problems that facilitate corporate crime. The paper believes that with a coordinated resolve to fight corporate crime, this is a workable strategy that will improve the situation substantially and prevent a great deal of free market abuse.
From the Paper
"The central issue of Adam Smith's "hidden hand" economics in the free market economy is the growing failure of the U.S. government to regulate the way that banking has been practiced in global markets. One example of this was the problem of the Savings and Loan Crisis, which often deregulated banking institutions, causing problematic ethical issues through justice based theories of fair and balanced market behaviors. In this case, the government did not enforce restrictions on competitive measures for commercial banks for the greater benefit of the banking industry."
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The Steven Truscott Case: Justice, Culture and Social Order, 2008.
An analysis of the Steven Truscott case and its impact on the criminal justice system in Canada.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the legal issues emerging from the Steven Truscott case of the late 1950s, a case that broke new ground in shaping and shaking popular understandings of the Canadian criminal justice system. Particular attention is focused on social and cultural factors - especially attitudes towards sexuality and media pressure contributing to a rush to convict - as contributing elements to this case. Comparisons are drawn to a similar case in the United States at this time - the Sam Sheppard trial - to illustrate how this situation is not limited to Canadian law but, in fact, reflects wider social and cultural realities. Increasing anti-institutional sentiments in both Canada and the United States have contributed to a revisiting of both cases, sentiments that both cases also played a role in shaping.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Culture and Sexuality
Tunnel Vision and the Issue of Disclosure
The Sheppard Case, Media and Authority
Conclusion
From the Paper
"One of the major legal problems to emerge from the Truscott trial was one of disclosure or discovery. As the Daum story reveals, the culture of the 1950s - which placed much more faith in the honesty and integrity of law enforcement officials than today -allowed law enforcement officials to effectively bury evidence that may have been of assistance to the Truscott defense. Indeed, it may be argued that cases such as Truscott contributed to an evolution in criminal law in such matters: "Rules of evidence today oblige the Crown and the police to disclose all the relevant information they turn up in the course of their investigations" (Sher 299)."
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Street Gangs, Juvenile Violence, and Drugs, 2005.
An examination of the problem of street gangs, juvenile violence, and drugs, and a suggestion for possible solutions.
1,750 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses gang violence as a multi-generational problem in many communities. Many gangs are decades old, and solutions to the gang violence problem have been sought after for equally as long. The paper explores the structure and roots of gang violence, future trends, and proven solutions to the problem. It concludes that early intervention, as well as providing safe havens for youth at risk in troubled neighborhoods, are valuable tools to help stem the tide of gang violence.
From the Paper
"Gangs undertake a variety of criminal pursuits, and the level of violence that is perpetrated by the gang is directly related to the particular crimes that are committed. The drug trade is the primary involvement of the gangs. Gangs are also involved in intimidation, robbery, and other acts of violence as well. There is an increasing trend among gangs becoming involved in less traditional crimes, and becoming involved in identity theft and credit card fraud. (2005 National Gang Threat Assessment p. 4) The gangs are also becoming involved more and more with organized crime. The organized crime syndicates include the Mexican and South American drug cartels, Russian Organized crime, Asian Crime families, the more recognizable La Cosa Nostra (Mafia) and assorted other group throughout the world. (id p. 6) Gangs are also availing themselves to technology. The technology of choice by the gang members is the push-to-talk cell phone. This is of particular use in coordinating efforts of the individual members regardless of the criminal undertaking. The gangs also make use of the internet, postings on websites to communicate with members and notify them of event dates, as well as boasting of recent illicit activities. (id p.4)"
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Non-Lethal Weapons, 2008.
This paper explores contemporary issues and trends in the use of non-lethal weapons.
3,367 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 16 sources, APA, $ 95.95
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Abstract
The paper outlines the heated debate over non-lethal technology. The paper examines the issues of safety, security, liability and effectiveness of non-lethal weapons from the view points of the public, victims and agencies. The paper looks at legal issues of abuse and severity levels of the non-lethal weapons. The paper suggests that the civilian introduction of non-lethal technology needs to be slowed until more research can be done.
From the Paper
"Non-lethal weapons have become a major topic of interest to a great many people as the technology sparking their profusion continues to develop. Not least of all, new weaponry means new legal concerns and new groups pushing their way to the policy-making forefront. The history of such weapons, however, is surprisingly long - even if many of the new tools on the market are extremely recent creations. To wit, "varied weapons technologies" as we understand the term today first emerged en masse in the 1960s and non-lethal tools like tear gas and chemical "irritants" began to muscle their way to the forefront of riot control techniques in the 1960s and 1970s; not to be overlooked, "kinetic energy impact projectiles" took off at around the same time, as well (Davison, 2006, pp.2 and 4)."
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