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The Social Sciences and Youth Violence, 2008.
This paper discusses the causality of youth violence from the perspective of the social sciences disciplines of anthropology, psychology and sociology
935 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that this anthropological study of youth violence takes an ethnographic approach. The paper then points out that psychology looks at youth violence in terms of cause and effect and how those related issues can determine methods of prevention through intervention with human behavior. In addition, the paper relates that sociology studies the culture of youth violence seeking ways to change the manner in which society functions to correct the problem. The author concludes that these social sciences need to reexamine themselves and make efforts to bring their methodologies into the twenty-first century; however, there is room for all of the current disciplines to co-exist in today's world.
From the Paper
"Judging by recent events, the questions asked by Courtney (1999) are as relevant today as they were when the article was written. Courtney asks why do boys and men commit 95% of the violent crimes in the United States? Why do teen homicides frequently have the common denominator of boys killing boys with guns? Why do one in 10 high school boys carry guns to school, in contrast to one in 70 girls? The answer, Courtney explains, has roots in today's society. Although we tell boys to solve things peacefully, boys are often represented in the media as resolving issues by fighting."
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Research Methodology, 2008.
This paper examines the methodology of a study on immigrants' relationship with organized crime.
1,638 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses a research study that will focus on immigrants and their potential relationship with organized crime. The paper looks at the population to be assessed, the instrumentation to be used, the distribution and collection of the survey, protections for participants, limitations and finally, stereotypical assumptions of immigrants.
Outline:
Restatement of the Hypothesis
The Phenomenological Assessment Process
Population
Instrumentation
Data Distribution and Collection
Protections for Participants
Limitations and Assumptions of the Method
Summary
From the Paper
"The rationale of using a phenomenological assessment process in this study is based on the need to critically identify the social link between immigrants and organized crime. The emphasis on the social connection means that it is not possible to assess data collected from arrest statistics and other demographic information (Firestone, 1987; Ferrance, 2000). These sources can be used to supplement the research findings, as has been demonstrated in the literature review, but cannot be used as the primary source of information as these provide insufficient evidence towards proving a social connection (Wilson, 1984)."
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Juvenile Offenders in Adult Prisons, 2008.
This paper argues that juvenile delinquents should not be sent to adult prisons.
4,020 words (approx. 16.1 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 108.95
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Abstract
The paper argues that imprisoning juvenile offenders in adult correctional facilities is counter-productive. The paper explains that adult prisons focus on punishment rather than rehabilitation, which increases the likelihood that these offenders will become violent career criminals. The paper further explains that the harsh conditions of adult prisons only encourages the perpetration of further crimes once these juveniles are released back into society.
From the Paper
"Because juvenile offenders in adult prisons are exposed to a criminal culture characterized by violence and abuse, adult prisons tend to degenerate a wayward juvenile delinquent into a hardened career criminal. Daily survival requires finding ways to fit into and be accepted in the adult inmate culture, but most juvenile offenders experience difficulty submitting to authoritarian relationships with adult inmates. Adjusting to this harsh environment requires accepting physical and psychological intimidation as a part of daily lives and developing physical and psychological intimidation behavior themselves in order to survive. (Eisikovits and Baizeman 5-20)"
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The U.S. and the International Criminal Court, 2008.
This paper focuses on the opposition of the United States to the establishment of the International Criminal Court.
958 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how despite the admirable goals of the International Criminal Court (ICC), the Bush Administration opposed its establishment and is resisting its authority. The paper explains the Bush Administration's claim that the ICC would be misused by smaller countries and render American military personnel and government officials vulnerable to war crimes charges. The paper concludes that as long as the United States actively opposes the ICC, it will find it difficult to establish itself as an effective international judicial body.
From the Paper
"McPherson (1992) notes that the goals of such a court reflect the broad international consensus that judicial proceedings involving international disputes should be administered by a court that has truly global jurisdiction and is not hindered or restricted by international politics. Through such a court, the laws of sovereign states could no longer be ignored by any nation or citizen of any nation, and disputes between citizens or companies from different nations could be settled by an impartial court with worldwide jurisdiction."
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Pedophilia Control In California, 2008.
An analysis of the laws regarding pedophilia in the state of California and a review of the treatment options that are available.
2,020 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces the psychological condition of pedophilia and reviews the basic laws regarding this issue in California. The paper argues that the best way to protect society is for the psychological and medical community to find a way to prevent child molesters from re-offending once they are released from prison. It discusses examples of treatments and argues that chemical treatments should be used, because this has been shown to be the most successful, and thus is most likely to lower the rate of sex crimes against minors.
From the Paper
"A more promising initiative was also started in 1996, when the California state legislature passed a bill to force paroled, repeat child molesters to undergo a weekly injection of a hormone to reduce sex drive - Depo-Provera. The injection is referred to as a kind of chemical castration. The bill also made it possible for this sentence to be carried out in first-time offenders. Critics say that this is cruel and unusual punishment, in that it stops men for example from becoming fathers, and it may have physical side-effects. On the other hand, proponents of the injection system note that in countries where this has been used, the recidivism rate has dropped to 15%. What this means is that 50% less men are assaulting children. It is argued that the fact that these proven offenders may not be able to have children, and may suffer some mild side-effects, pales into insignificance compared to the fact that so many children will be spared from sexual violation, which may caused them long term suffering. In effect, it means the proven-guilty must suffer, rather than the innocent. If this is what it takes, and if this is the only way to reduce pedophiliac acts, then it is argued that this is the way to go (Van Biema)."
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Community-based Incarceration and Criminal Justice, 2008.
An analysis of the media's role in criminal justice issues and a look at community-based alternatives to incarceration.
2,706 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews a number of issues pertaining to criminal justice. Firstly, the paper look at the role of the media in criminal justice issues. It then discusses whether or not the criminal justice system can legitimately be called a "system" or whether another description is apt. The paper also examines community-based alternatives to incarceration and, lastly, examines how restorative and community-based approaches to punishment are preferable to punishment-based approaches.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Criminal Justice: Specific Issues
Issue One: The Role of the Media
Issue Two: Major Components of the Criminal Justice System
Issue Three: Community-based Alternatives to Prison
Issue Four: Community/Restorative Justice Models and their Difference from Punitive Models of Justice
From the Paper
"Going further, the simple reality is that one study after another seems to illustrate the fact that punitive criminal justice (incarceration, long sentences, the de-emphasis of diversionary programs by justices when passing sentence) does nothing to reduce crime on its own (Wilson et al, 2002). Ostensibly, all human beings are blessed with a certain measure of capital - intellectual and emotional capital being the most important - and maximizing this human capital by teaching individuals how to serve others, how to behave responsibly and how to curb darker impulses is the best way by which a society can reduce the likelihood that it will become over-run by crime. It may also be added that the essential reason why community-based and restorative justice models are gaining such favor (they have been, albeit to varying degrees, in favor among academics since at least the 1970s) is because the failings of punishment-based justice - the over-crowding of American prisons, high recidivism rates, the growing cost of keeping people behind bars - have become manifest in the eyes of many close observers and new, more innovative approaches are desperately needed."
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Prostitution and Human Trafficking, 2008.
This paper discusses the topic of prostitution and human trafficking in Europe, noting the difficulty in analyzing the issue due to the hardship in obtaining relevant information.
2,009 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that tackling the issue of human trafficking and prostitution in Europe is a difficult one because the information available is rarely comprehensive or complete. The writer points out that prostitution is, for the most part, an underground economy, which is harder to collect statistical information about, and illegal immigrant prostitution is an even murkier research landscape. This paper attempts to deconstruct arguments made about human trafficking and prostitution in Europe. Sources used are academic texts and journals, as well as some more mainstream content. This paper imparts some idea as to how awkwardly large the question is, as well as the challenges that researchers will face when collecting data and suggesting new policies that might ease the suffering of women caught up in the vicious circles of immigrant prostitution in Europe.
From the Paper
"Bort believes that it is important to discuss the existing correlations will help people discern how the connection of crime and illegal immigration is forged by poverty. He supports this view by discussing the issues surrounding the quality of life at two sides of a border where one nation enjoys a higher standard of living than the other, with the obvious point that the tendency is for women to be shipped west from less affluent eastern countries. Ultimately, he points to financial despair and disparity, along with cloudy ideas about border policy as being primary sources of the existing problem. The evidence he presents sounds plausible, but it is all cited as secondary sources, with little hard data for the reader to digest. Though the sources are from respectable government and academic institutions, there are no hard numbers crunched in Bort's report."
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Money Laundering: What Is It and How Do We Fight It?, 2008.
A paper that discusses the criminal activity of money laundering.
811 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the criminal activity of money laundering. Estimates vary as to how much money laundering is occurring in the world - as it is an illicit trade in money and published statistics from the criminals involved are not forthcoming. The author concludes that the goal of law enforcement agencies in the United States must be to attack the underlying systems and processes the make money laundering possible, if any headway against this financial crime is expected to be made.
From the Paper
"Money laundering is, most basically, any effort to disguise profits made through criminal activities to that they will appear to be nothing more than legitimate profits from investments (Cleaning up, 1997). Estimates vary as to how much money laundering is occurring in the world. After all, it is an illicit trade in money; published statistics from the criminal involved are not forthcoming. Nevertheless, law enforcement agencies estimate that several hundred billion dollars of new money enters the global economy each year, with a total criminal stock counted in the trillions. Put another way, money laundering accounts for anywhere between 2% and 5% of the total global GDP (Cleaning up, 1997; Kelly, 1998). This is a significant sum, to say the least."
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Police and Ethics, 2008.
This paper argues that there must be public confidence in the ethical standards of the police.
2,429 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
The paper maintains that police departments have to institute and follow stronger ethical guidelines and enforce the measures aggressively in order to demonstrate a commitment to ethical behavior to the community. The paper looks at the community policing programs in Pittsburgh and in Los Angeles that involve creating partnerships with local government, police, schools and community groups for the prevention of crime. The paper also looks at relations between the police and the black community. The paper concludes that a stronger enforcement mechanism has to be instituted to see that behavior conforms to the ethical precepts set forth and that the public has confidence that this is so.
From the Paper
"The city police represent the most visible aspect of law enforcement in the community, backed up by the courts, by state and federal levels, and by organizations both public and private dedicated to some aspect of law enforcement and the administration of justice. For most people, however, the local police would be the agency to call when a problem is perceived and help is needed. This places considerable pressure on the city police both to serve the public and also to represent law enforcement for the public. Problems develop in the latter role whenever a department or an individual officer engage in unethical behavior or otherwise cross the line, and the scrutiny given to the police at this level assures that every infraction discovered will become fodder for news reports and criticism from the community. The problem is clearly more acute in some communities, meaning poor and minority communities that do not trust the police even before such a problem erupts."
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"Winning the War Against Youth Gangs", 2008.
A review of the arguments in and presentation of Valerie Wiener's book, "Winning the War Against Gangs: A Guide for Teens, Families, and Communities."
736 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses and reviews Valerie Wiener's book, "Winning the War Against Gangs: A Guide for Teens, Families, and Communities." The paper discusses Wiener's points and the ways that she presents her points in the book. It discusses the positive and negative aspects of her arguments and the presentation of her points and concludes that the problem of gangs need a better guide.
From the Paper
"Gangs have serious drawbacks. Gangs often require brutal initiation rituals. They often involve young people in crime. They are pushing youngsters into violence. To a young person who feels that he (or she) has nothing and has no place in the world, however, a gang is often attractive compared to the alternative, nihilistic emptiness. Wiener does not yet have the compelling answers that she would like to provide. The teens, families, and communities seeking to deal with the problem of gangs need a better guide."
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