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The American Jury, 2008.
This paper explores J. Abramson and N. Finkel's ideas about the proper function of the jury in modern American society.
2,594 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the works of J. Abramson in "We the Jury" and N. Finkel in "Commonsense Justice" who consider the role of the jury today. The paper explains these authors' concerns about jury selection and function in the criminal justice system in modern society. The paper also points out that neither Abramson nor Finkel determine concrete solutions that will alter the jury system appropriately. The paper is of the opinion, however, that the works are significant in that they provide evidence for society to consider regarding the future of the jury system.
From the Paper
"What is the proper function of the jury in modern American society? Two recent books, Abramson, We the Jury (2000), and Finkel, Commonsense Justice (1998) , consider this question and various subordinate issues that arise from the role and the control of juries in the modern setting. Jeffrey Abramson is a professor of politics at Brandeis University. In We the Jury, he undertakes a comprehensive study of the institution of trial by jury in America. In this study, he ranges from the role of the jury in the colonial period to issues of the impact of racial bias in modern capital cases. He explores the complex process of modern jury selection with all of its controversies, and makes a strong case for the importance of requiring unanimous verdicts in criminal cases. He also offers an extensive and cogent discussion of the current "fully informed juror" question, better known as jury nullification."
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Prison Reform Sanctions, 2008.
This paper discusses whether intermediate sanctions are a better alternative than traditional incarceration.
1,578 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
In this essay, the writer notes that in the United States, there are two types of prisons: public, paid for by taxpayers, and private in which business and industry run prisons for capital gain. The writer maintains that although public prisons are far from perfect, they appear to be a better alternative than private sector prisons. Since both have major flaws, alternative sanctions must be explored when examining the issue of prison reforms. The writer then discusses that there are many valid alternatives to public and private prison incarceration, which may be as effective in reforming the offender. The writer concludes that alternative sanctions appear to be effective options to long prison terms and may reduce recidivism rates, while saving American taxpayer money.
Outline:
What is the Current Condition of Prisons in the United States?
What Alternative Sanctions are Available?
From the Paper
"Although safety may be a factor in private prisons, the efficiency level at which these facilities are run appears to be above that of public prisons. One study actually found that the incarceration length of an average inmate in a private prison is less than half that served by an inmate in the public sector.
"As stated, private prison systems are very cost effective, often 5 to 15 percent below public prison costs of operation. However, the failure to rehabilitate prisoners in a productive manner may cost society a bigger price in the end."
"Overall, although private sector facilities house less dangerous inmates, these prisons appear to be a more dangerous environment due to the lack of staff on duty. Although public prisons are far from perfect, they appear to be a better alternative than a private sector prison."
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Theories of Criminology, 2008.
This paper discusses and explains different theories of criminology.
1,134 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that in the field of criminology, various theories have been advanced to explain why people commit crimes. The writer notes that more manageable and more conventional is the listing of theories provided by Victor Jupp, which posits four theories: biological, social bonding, social structure and psychological bonding. Jupp points out that these four theories reflect the learning of different intellectual disciplines and come to widely different opinions about the individual criminal, but are all directed to the common question - why do people commit crimes? The writer concludes that while each of these theories offers some insight, there is a frustrating difficultly in criminology. The writer maintains that although criminology may be able to explain why certain people have committed certain crimes, it is frustratingly less effective at discerning how one might commit crimes and how to prevent them.
From the Paper
"The biological theory and the social bonding theory both assume that the individual develops into a criminal because of inborn factors. Lombroso and his followers contend that the stigmata mark the atavistic criminal, and these cannot be changed. Eysenck and company contend that, certainly in the adult, the personality is largely unchangeable, and in the case of the criminal, the psychoticisms cannot be removed. By contrast, social structure theories contend that the individual is more of a blank slate, shaped by his surroundings, so that if these surroundings can be manipulated, criminality will not develop."
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Domestic Violence, 2008.
This paper discusses domestic violence protocols to be used by social workers, including ways to effectively assess the victim.
1,435 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that people trying to help in domestic violence situations need to know exactly what to do for the victim of domestic violence. The paper further relates that it is imperative that domestic violence protocols include ways to effectively assess the victim. In addition, the paper relates that intervention, documentation and referral are also important tools when working with domestic violence cases. The paper then goes on to discuss these protocols and intervention methods.
From the Paper
"There are safety issues that will appear as you listen to the victim. It is your responsibility to show and review with the victim a brochure about safety planning. You can provide ideas on how to keep support information private and safe from the abuser. There are 24 hour domestic violence hotlines that can be immediately accessed by the victim--you need to supply this information. Schedule a later appointment for the victim with a support or advocacy group. "
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Criminal Justice: White-Collar Crime, 2008.
An overview of various types of white-collar crime.
2,445 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses issues of white-collar crime: waste in the oil industry, the U.S. government sabotaging the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), corporate fraud and the sentencing of white-collar criminals.
Table of Contents:
Focus on the Waste Oil Industry
The U.S. Government Sabotaging OSHA
Investigation and Effects of Corporate Fraud
Sentences for White-Collar Criminals
From the Paper
"The number of victims, including crimes with high shareholder losses, is closely related to how offenders are sentenced; perceived intent and responsibility of shareholders frequently plays out dramatically in the media. Media attention may be the cause or the result of stricter punishments for crimes with multiple victims. Despite a few of these high profile cases, including large media frenzies like Enron, white-colar crime is Weissmann and Block (2007) report found that the average federal sentence for fraud in 2005 was a relatively slim 23.6 months in prison."
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California's Three Strikes Legislation, 2008.
This paper reviews three articles about the efficacy of California's Three Strikes legislation.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Ryan S. King and Marc Mauer's article 'Aging Behind Bars: "Three Strikes" Seven Years Later' in "The Sentencing Project" was written in hopes of rehabilitating the California "Three Strikes" system and as a warning to other jurisdictions considering promulgating similar legislation. The author then points out that the goal of Linda S. Beres and Thomas D. Griffith's article "Did "Three Strikes" Cause The Recent Drop In California Crime? An Analysis Of The California Attorney General's Report" in "Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review" is to convince government officials to spend more time and effort analyzing crime and its remedies, and less time and effort on politicizing the issue. Furthermore, the paper relates that, in his article "Prison Overcrowding: Harmful Consequences and Dysfunctional Reactions", Professor Craig Haney of the University of California, Santa Cruz, emphasizes that prison has a profound effect on prisoners who subsequently carry those effects into society after their release from prison."
From the Paper
"The authors also assert that the Attorney General's claim that the "dramatic drop in the crime rate" occurred after the passage of Three Strikes is misguided and that crime actually began to significantly decline a year before Three Strikes. Beres and Griffith further allege that an alternative explanation for the recent drop in crime is the improving California and moreover that many factors influence crime rate. The authors assert that it is difficult to prove a direct link between the economy and crime rates, nonetheless, "evidence of a connection between economic opportunity and the crime rate is particularly important in light of the deterioration of the market for unskilled labor during the past two decades."
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Sex Trafficking, 2008.
This paper is written in the form of a debate that covers both sides of the human sex trafficking issue.
2,005 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper presents the opening statement of the debate that human sex trafficking as an accepted part of society and human sex trafficking can be addressed with success in the social order. The author contends that, while the argument suggesting that sex trafficking cannot be addressed effectively in society does have merit, the strength of the argument supporting an end to sex trafficking is supported by greater evidence. The paper concludes that through government intervention, public participation and an aggressive approach to the issue, sex trafficking can be ended in society without question.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Statement Accepting the Issue
Statement in Opposition
Conclusion
From the Paper
"According to Matthews, the sex trafficking business is supported by conditions in society that are detrimental to human existence (sec. 1). Poverty, homelessness and hunger are only a few of these conditions. These factors serve to support sex trafficking because often times children leave their homes and become part of the sex trafficking trade because they are promised a better life than they presently know. Parents sell their children to sex traffickers in many countries because the prices that are offered will provide food for the remaining siblings. "
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The Law of Evidence, 2008.
This paper examines some legal cases through which the law of evidence has kept up with scientific innovations
980 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that scientific proof is one of the chief types of evidence in criminal cases and is often considered the foundation of circumstantial evidence cases. The author points out that, in the early 1960s, scientific evidence was relatively unimportant because the courts relied primarily on physical evidence and lay testimony, especially the testimony of eyewitnesses. The paper relates that, after the Warren Court began fashioning the fourth, fifth and sixth amendment exclusionary rules, which restrict the admissibility of the physical evidence and lay testimony, the number of cases involving scientific evidence increased dramatically. The author reviews several cases, which indicate that, while technology can be ostensibly imposing and even intractable, the courts have shown a willingness and ability to integrate it into their decisions.
From the Paper
"Another case that demonstrates the law's ability to keep up with technology is "U.S. v. Cordoba", 194 F.3d 1053 (9th Cir. 1999). In Cordoba, after being pulled over, police discovered that the defendant's van contained a large amount of cocaine. Cordoba claimed he did not know that the drugs were present in the van and sought a polygraph examination as a confirmation of his credibility. The parties did not agree, prior to the test, that the results would be admissible. The district court found that the polygraph examination results were inadmissible based on lack of "reliable error rate conclusions."
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Fraud in Health Care, 2008.
This paper looks at cases of white-collar crime in the health care industry,
2,229 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
The paper presents five case studies of health care fraud cases and related charges. The paper relates that in order to combat medical and health care fraud, the FBI has identified national initiatives to address frauds in the areas of medical transportation, durable medical equipment, hospital reporting costs, outpatient surgery centers, and pharmaceutical fraud.
Outline:
Introduction
The SEC and Carl Archer
Case studies and Examples
From the Paper
"Individuals at all levels within the health care and occupational industries--from receptionists to CEOS--are involved in health care fraud. Recent cases report that individuals from all areas within medical and health care organizations take advantage of the private information of their patients and clients in attempts to profit. Such crimes often involve additional offenses, including identity theft, tax evasion, corporate fraud, and other charges. Examples of white-collar crime appear in the media on a regular basis in all areas of the country, both rural and urban."
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The Mafia and Immigration, 2008.
This paper explores immigrants and their potential social connections to the mafia within the United States.
1,359 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
The paper reveals that large formal organized networks of criminals that operate within a single city or a larger geographic region are often outcomes of immigration. The paper looks at the historical, immigrant background of the mafia within the United States. The paper shows how the defining characteristics of organized crime stem from exclusion from processes that are found within a normal social order.
From the Paper
"Immigration within the United States has tended to be regional and community-specific, where immigrants from specific ethnic populations are more likely to take up residence within the same region and form communities comprised of their native ethnic groups. These processes are used to help provide a sense of collective purpose within the immigrant population as these persons face a new and unfamiliar environment. The close community environment also helps the immigrants to maintain unique cultural traits and customs that may not exist within the new territory or within the cultures of the native population."
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