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Mens Rea as a Requirement for Criminal Intent, 2008.
An argument for restoring mens rea as a necessary requirement for criminal intent in the criminal justice system.
840 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper describes mens rea as an example of an objective principle that is logically relevant in many criminal issues. It describes why mens rea is a necessary requirement for criminal intent in the criminal justice system. It also presents the argument for eliminating mens rea from criminal justice. The paper concludes that the preferable solution would be to restore mens rea to certain types of criminal conduct, as a relevant issue in some cases, but not a universally necessary component of criminal culpability in all cases.
From the Paper
"One need only consider the misapplication of the distinction between ordinary negligence and criminal negligence to illustrate the potential for inequity where fundamental logical principles like Mens Rea are ignored in all situations, by inflexible rule. A few times every year, the news media broadcast tragic results of negligence: absent-minded but loving parents back the family SUV over a toddler or a caretaker accidentally leaves a baby in a locked car, or even pulls out of a supermarket parking lot with an infant strapped to a car seat on the roof. Under certain circumstances, the tragedy, although undoubtedly caused by negligence, does not constitute criminal behavior; in other circumstances, the same overt act crosses the line from mere negligence to criminality. Imagine eliminating the distinction between ordinary negligence and criminal negligence without regard to circumstances: parents prosecuted for criminally negligent homicide or manslaughter in every case where mistake or momentary inattention took the life of a child; or parents never being held criminally responsible, even after the identical loss of a second or third child because it was accidental. All three times."
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Police Use of Force, 2008.
This paper discusses the use of force in police procedure.
919 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that in the United States, laws get enforced by police agencies from cities, states, and the federal government. To be able to enforce laws and make arrests, police officers have the authority to use force. The writer notes that in some situations, they can use deadly force. However, there are strict rules for applying force in policing. The writer discusses that the type of force used must be right for the right circumstances. Using the wrong kind of force or too much force can make the city or state responsible for damage to the arrested person, even when he is guilty and needed to be arrested. It can also make the police agency and the officer personally responsible. The writer concludes that police officers are allowed to use force, but they must use the right type of force for every situation.
Outline:
Introduction
The Use of Force Continuum
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Many times, other methods are supposed to be used first on the UOFC before strong hands on methods. Police officers on patrol usually have a spray such as pepper spray or mace and they can use these sprays instead of going from verbal commands or light hands on to strong hands on. This level on the UOFC is good for officers if there are more people than officers and also where the person is much bigger or stronger than the officer. Before officers are allowed to use spray methods, they have to take a course for spray certification and part of the course is getting sprayed so they will know how people react to it and how much is too much spray."
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Impact of White Collar Crime, 2008.
This paper defines and discusses the impact of white-collar crime on business and society.
3,616 words (approx. 14.5 pages), 16 sources, APA, $ 100.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer provides a clear overview of the different manifestations of white-collar crime, as well as provides insight into the historical development of the term. The study also focuses on the insidious nature of white-collar crime in terms of issues such as trust and the apparent respectability associated with the crime, as well as other pertinent aspects. The paper explores the way that this form of crime operates and the legal aspects that surround and prevent it and that have been implemented to curtail this expensive and growing category of crime. While the focus of the paper is on the way white-collar crime affects modern business, especially online business, the paper also focuses on the numerous ways that it negatively impacts on and affects society in general.
Outline:
Introduction
Definitions and Overview
History of the Term
Types of White-Collar Crimes
The Extent and Impact of White-Collar Crime
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In sociological and criminological terms, this was a radical deviation for the accepted perception of the criminal in society."
"It should also be noted that this was not the very first time that affluent businesspersons and the 'upper-class' had been identified as criminals. The difference was that the popularization and acceptance of the term white-collar criminal indicated an important a shift in theory and in the formal perception of this criminal type. This was to have a dramatic effect on policies and the theories about modern criminal behavior."
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Disparities in the Court System, 2008.
A research proposal to look at the disparities in the sentencing of African Americans and Hispanics.
1,360 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper proposes quantitative research to determine if there is a disproportionate participation in crime by African Americans and Hispanic individuals. The author points out that it is extremely important to understand the biases that exist in sentencing African Americans and Hispanics so that this condition can be corrected. The paper describes research that proposes calculating disparity in sentencing through use of multiple regression statistical analysis that will consider many dependent variables.
Table of Contents:
Research Design
Setting Where Research is to be Conducted
Independent and Dependent Variables
Dependent variable
Independent Variables
Data Collection Method
Analysis of Data
Disparity Ratio
Implication of Proposed Research
Importance of Research
Significance of Research
Appendix
Instruments to be Used in the Proposed Research
From the Paper
"Further analysis of data will be conducted through multiple regression statistical analysis in which the dependent variable, the race and gender of offenders will = X and the independent variables in a multivariate regression model will = Y. Building a regression model for multivariate analysis includes collection of predictor and response values for common samples, and then fitting a predefined mathematical relationship to the collected data. Multivariate analysis is also referred to as factor analysis in which several predictive variables are simultaneously taken into account resulting in more accuracy."
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Is Crime Preventable?, 2008.
This paper discusses legislation and community patrol as ways of preventing crime.
1,799 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses whether crime can be prevented. It focuses on crime in general, without taking corporate crime into account. It analyzes the way in which crime affects the community in general and why the focus should be on preventing crime, as opposed to punishing it. The paper specifically looks at legislation and community patrol as ways of preventing crime.
Table of Contents:
Legislation as Prevention
Community Policing as Prevention
Conclusion
From the Paper
"For the United States and other Western countries, a different system will therefore have to be devised to prevent crime. Some suggestions have included increased surveillance in high-crime areas, and community policing programs such as neighborhood watch systems. Such efforts focus not only on a more visible police force, but also upon creating a partnership between police officers and the public. In this way, the public is made aware of issues facing the police, and the elements involved in fighting crime. This also eliminates much of the negative views relating to the police, particularly in the aftermath of 9/11.
"One element of community policing is neighborhood watch systems, by which citizens patrol their neighborhoods and notify the police if anything appears out of order. This removes some of the work overload from police officers by making citizens responsible for their own safety. The system also cultivates good relations between the police and citizens."
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Money Laundering, 2008.
A discussion on money laundering and its implications on the financial stability of a country.
1,275 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the seriousness of money laundering. It confirms that global based financial markets make money laundering easy for financiers, and countries that enact account secrecy laws, are connected to countries with account reporting mandates, making it possible for a person to deposit "dirty" money anonymously in one country and have it transferred to another country. The paper, reports that money laundering is a commonly committed crime that wreaks havoc on the financial stability of a nation.
From the Paper
"The International Monetary Fund states that money laundering, which drug traffickers use to bring proceeds gained through distribution or sale of controlled substances back into legitimate markets, or to hide support of terrorist organizations, amounts to between 2% and 5% of the world's Gross Domestic Product, (over $600 billion annually). Money laundering hides the true basis of funds gained through selling and distributing drugs and converts them into solid assets with apparently legitimate sources. However, laundering large amounts of small-denomination bills is conspicuous enough that it makes traffickers visible and liable to laws against such practices. "Tracking and intercepting this illegal flow of drug money is an important tool used to identify and dismantle international drug trafficking organizations."
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Rape in Organized Crime, 2008.
This paper provides a critical analysis of rape in organized crime, particularly prostitution and human trafficking for the sex trade industry.
17,500 words (approx. 70.0 pages), 94 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a critical analysis of rape in organized crime, particularly prostitution and human trafficking for the sex trade industry. It includes the history of rape in organized crime of prostitution and the cultural norms that promoted and advanced this industry during olden times. Thereafter this paper highlights the present dilemma of rape in organized crime of prostitution and human trafficking. Subsequently, the scope of organized crime of prostitution and human trafficking is discussed. Then cultural and societal issues promoting rape and prostitution are highlighted. Next, this paper discusses the underlying causes of rape, prostitution and human trafficking. After that, the reasons for using rape and the effect it has on organized crime are revealed. Subsequently, the impact of rape on the trafficked women and children is uncovered. Consequently, this paper exposes the impact of rape on the organized crime industry of prostitution. Lastly, this paper discusses the relationship between rape, prostitution and law. In addition, there is also an account for why this abhorrent crime has a low reporting and conviction rate in the developed world.
Outline:
Introduction
Section 1: History of Rape and Prostitution
Section 2: The Present Dilemma of Rape in Organized Crime of Prostitution and Human Trafficking
Section 3: The Scope of Organized Crime of Prostitution and Human Trafficking
Section 4: Cultural and Societal Issues Promoting Rape and Prostitution
Section 5: The Underlying Causes of Rape, Prostitution and Human Trafficking
Economic Aspect of Prostitution and Rape
The Relationship between Poverty and Feminization
Underground Economy and Corruption
Individual Factors of Prostitutes
Section 6: Why Rape is Used and the Effect it has in Organized Crime
Ensnaring
Establishing Dependence
Seizing Control
Total Supremacy
Section 7: The Impact of Rape and Violence on the Trafficked Women
Section 8: The Impact of Rape and Prostitution on the Organized Crime Industry
Section 9: Rape, Prostitution and Law
Reasons for Non-Reporting
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"In addition, Leuchtag (2003) asserts that human trafficking for sexual exploitation is quite rarely taken up as a human rights violation. In fact more often than not, it is taken up as a national security issue and/or illegal immigration issue. In addition, very often governments and the criminal justice systems complicate human trafficking with smuggling. What is common across both smuggling and human trafficking is that both involve movement of goods/people across borders through unofficial channels (Leuchtag, 2003). Raymond (2002) in his study criticized the amalgamation of human trafficking with smuggling. He argues that one involves the consent of the parties involved, that is, the exporter and the importer of goods; while the other is a form of slavery being carried out by the organized crime mafia. Moreover, the movement of people across borders involves sexual exploitation and gross violation of basic human rights (Raymond, 2002). The trafficked people are mostly from the poorest part of the world that has been deprived of the basic rights and privileges to begin with. They are taken from being in a position of misery to further suffering in the form of rape, abuse, torture and battering (Carrington and Hearn, 2003)."
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Broken Windows Do Not Make or Break Law Enforcement Efforts, 2008.
An examination of the 'broken windows' theory of the causes of crime.
1,135 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the 'broken windows' theory of the causes of crime. The paper explains that 'broken windows' criminology theory maintains that a lack of respect for the physical environment and the law leads to even more socially disruptive criminal activity. The paper points out that the 'broken windows' theory was one of the most highly publicized components of the law-and-order New York City Mayor Rudolph Giuliani's attempt to wage war on crime during the 1990s. The paper then looks at how the theory attempts to attribute the causes of neighborhood decay to ignoring the "little problems" like graffiti, litter, shattered glass, which "creates a sense of irreversible decline" that leads law-abiding residents to abandon their residences and non-criminal prospective residents to stay away from apparently decaying communities.
From the Paper
"However, the presence of committed activists and the joint efforts between the communities and law enforcement may have been one of the causes of the decline in crime, not the more rigorous policing of minor offenses in and of itself. The drop in crime in New York City has a complex array of causes, economic and demographic, as well as sociological and political, and the 'broken windows' enforcement policies may not be the cause of the drop."
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Conduct Disorder, 2008.
This is an overview of the psychological disorder called conduct disorder and includes topics such as, definitions, causes, assessment and ways of intervention.
1,614 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper is an overview of the psychological disorder called conduct disorder. It discusses the definition of the disorder according to the DSM IV, its prevalence, causes, assessment. It also looks at the education approaches for those that have the disorder, along with educational placement options and current and future trends for intervention.
Outline:
Definitions of Disability
Prevalence
Causes
Assessment
Educational Approaches
Educational Placement Options
Current and Future Trends
From the Paper
"Given the intense need of students with conduct disorder, they are frequently placed in alternative classrooms or schools for more intensive programs. (Kernberg, and Chazan 40) Depending on the child's age there is at least one option at each level. Children in the primary age group are frequently referred to resource room teaching, part of the time or all of the time, where in theory there are fewer students and the teacher therefore has more time to focus upon each. In the later years alternative schools are the only public school option and there are usually a few in every community that have lower class sizes and deal with a multivariate of behavioral and educational problems that create a situation where children cannot function in a standard school. OF coarse outside the public schools there is also alternative schooling that is paid for by parents, or possibly partly paid for by the education voucher system, but these schools are few and far between and often require the student to leave home, which is rarely a good option for this disorder as attachment with parents is a key to success in treatment and long term therapy. (Kernberg, and Chazan 40)"
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Adolescent Sexual Offenders Residential Treatment Program, 2008.
A proposal for developing an effective adolescent sexual offenders residential treatment.
6,010 words (approx. 24.0 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 142.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the author proposes to design an inpatient adolescent sexual offender treatment program where treatment groups are separated according to their respective personality types, as measured by the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI). The paper stresses that the purpose of such a program would be to reduce the recidivism rates of juvenile sexual offenders and decrease their probability of becoming adult offenders. The findings of the presented literature review indicate that specific factors used in assessment, including biopsychosocial and biological with mediating and causal influences, can be linked to rates of recidivism among adolescent sexual abusers, thereby, supporting the proposed treatment program.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Background of the Study
Objectives and Purpose
Methodology
Importance of the Research
Literature Review
Summary of the Literature Reviewed
Findings
From the Paper
"Stated as the ninth misconception is that ASOs have other serious disorders of a psychological nature however the opposite is true because the majority of ASOs do not have serious large psychological problems but of those that do have serious psychological problems experience depression, learning disabilities, and conduct disorders, all of which should be addressed at the time of treatment. The tenth stated misconception is that ASOs should not attend public schools however, many of the ASOs are able to attend public schools and participate in then normal activities of adolescents."
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