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Corporate Fraud, 2008.
A review of fraud that occurs in business operations and the problems encountered.
1,723 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
The paper presents an analytical research report regarding the problem of corporate fraud and the lack of ethics that is leading to scandals and serious ethical and legal violations.
Outline:
Corporate Fraud and ethical problems in Business world
Enron: A case in point
What has been done?
From the Paper
"There is probably one name that doesn't escape anyone's mind when we talk about corporate fraud. And this name is that of Enron. No discussion of corporate fraud is ever complete without the name of Enron. Enron was formed when two energy companies, Houston Natural Gas and InterNorth, decided to merge their operations in 1985. The company achieved tremendous success, as energy trading firm and it was the first firm of its kind where energy was traded as any other commodity. In the short span of 15 years, the company managed to gain rise to heights of success as it turned from a regulated natural gas company into world's largest energy trader. With 21,000 employees and operations in more than 30 countries, the company it seemed was doing extremely well and this was further supported by the evidence presented by its auditors."
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Criminal Justice - Crime & Punishment, 2008.
A descriptive perception of the concept of crime and punishment, social control, and defined concepts of justice.
1,646 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The paper states that only the human species is known to inflict pain purely for retribution. The fact that justice and punishment for rule violations are evident in animals, and that different human cultures have defined justice, crime, and punishment in myriad, and often in mutually contradictory terms, suggests the need to establish objective principles for concepts of justice that are indeed just. The paper concludes that "justice" incorporates objective rules without basis, which reflect the strength to impose the will of the of those more powerful in society, over the less powerful. The paper also states that crime and punishment are exclusive to human societies, notwithstanding our current relative inability to administer those concepts uniformly and justly, in most human society.
Outline:
A Survey of Cultural Variation of Crime and Punishment Throughout History
Toward the Objective Standard of Justifiable Criminal Definitions and Punishment
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In particular, purposeful actions on the part of society or dominant group of leaders to address unwanted behaviors or actions of the individual is apparent among many animal species, such as in relation to violations of established social and pair-bonding relationships and hierarchy of access to food and other natural resources (Gerrig & Zimbardo 2005). In certain primates, for example, group members risk both physical retaliation and elements of social exclusion if they are discovered by other group members to have hidden or failed to share resources by not disclosing its existence or location."
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Ankle Monitoring Devices, 2008.
A discussion exploring the efficacy of using ankle monitoring devices versus house arrest for juvenile offenders.
3,015 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the need for means of punishment other than incarceration and states there are several reasons for this, chief among them are economic. The paper continues and relates that other reasons concern whether the punishment (of incarceration) befits the nature of the crime. The paper then attempts to compare what the prognosis is for juveniles with ankle monitoring devices versus those who don't have to wear them.
Outline:
Problem/ Objective
Literature Review
History
Studies of Adult Electronic Monitoring as an extension of Juvenile Monitoring
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The use of electronic monitoring is not a recent phenomenon, though it has grown and become more formalized, becoming accepted throughout the United States and the rest of the world. The first electronic monitoring device was first developed in 1964. Ralph Schwitzgebel at Harvard University first designed the electronic monitoring system. William Hurd first conceived of the idea that it could be used for monitoring juvenile offenders. Here the juvenile offenders were not placed in their home environment but within the proximity of a repeater station, which probably housed the monitoring system. When an offender broke this curfew and moved outside the range of the repeater station, the "current" short circuited. This set off an alarm, which was the signal for the appropriate authorities to find the absconding individual."
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The Criminal Justice System, Society and Crime, 2008.
An investigation into the correlations between race and crime, as well as the discrimination that occurs when classification of crimes and its perpetrators come into account.
2,840 words (approx. 11.4 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
The paper explains and clarifies the perceptions of crime by gender and race in the belief that in crime, white males will likely fare better in the Criminal Justice system than minorities and women. The paper affirms that there is a need for further research regarding perceptions about men and women of various races regarding how they view crime by minority groups. The paper further states that there is a need to investigate why these perceptions have not been studied extensively over the past decade.
From the Paper
"Other research, which has been conducted utilized a sample used for studying white-collar criminal careers. This research identified the broad range of white-collar crimes and criminals prosecuted in American federal courts. Researchers benefited form this method by, careful sampling techniques and rich data collected in their study. However, in the same token, researchers added detailed information on the number, timing, and types of other criminal events attributed to these offenders both before and after the offense that was the focus of the previous Yale study."
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The Stranger Beside Me, 2008.
An analysis of a serial killer as described in the book "The Stranger Beside Me'' by Ann Rule.
1,326 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the character of a serial killer. Referring to the book "The Stranger Beside Me'' by Ann Rule, the paper discusses how the character Ted Bundy fits the archetypal profile of a serial killer. The paper discusses his psychopathic behavior which is rooted in a combination of reasons as discussed by the paper.
From the Paper
"Indeed, Bundy had a standard modus operandi that he employed that law enforcement caught on to very quickly in the investigation. This involved the usage of crutches or a cast, to give his victims the idea that he was injured and elicit sympathy. He would ask them for help in carrying something, at which point he would lead them to his car, which would typically be parked in an isolated area, and hit them on the head with some sort of object and drive off with them in his possession. This modus operandi did not work every time, as Rule notes in her book (71). But it was likely this trick that led to the disappearance of Georgeann Hawkins, among others. "
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Community-Based Programs in New Jersey, 2008.
This paper discusses New Jersey's trend toward community-based offender programs.
740 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses a study that examined the possibility of incorporating community-based programs in New Jersey. The paper looks at its results that indicated that modest increases in educational spending can be offset by the significant savings from reduced recidivism. The paper concludes that it appears that New Jersey is slowly moving in the direction of adding additional community-based programs in order to curb crime and recidivism.
Outline:
Introduction
Overview of Community Based Programs in New Jersey
Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In the past few decades crime has become a significant issue in the United States, as the New Jersey public has been overwhelmed with graphic stories from the media. In prior years, political leaders have responded with calls for harsher treatment of criminal offenders as an end to revolving door justice by processing these offenders through the criminal justice system. The DEA describes New Jersey as a gateway state, with major interstate highways, roadways, international airports/seaports, and other infrastructures capable of accommodating voluminous amounts of passenger and cargo traffic, making it an ideal strategic corridor for transportation of drug contraband and illicit currency (DEA, 2008)."
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Police Use of Force, 2008.
This paper reviews and discusses the article "Police Culture and Coercion" by W.Terrill, E.A. Paoline, and P.K. Manning.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the article "Police Culture and Coercion" by Terrill, Paoline, and Manning, and explains that the article is about the possible connection between police culture and coercive tactics or the use of force in performance of police duties. The writer then explains the initial expectations and the findings expressed in the article and then concludes with his own response to the findings of the article.
Outline:
Introduction
Initial Expectations
Experimental Findings
Response
From the Paper
"The article accurately described the likely evolution of what it characterized as the traditional mindset reflected universally among police officer, particularly first-line police officers engaged in street patrol. According to the authors, the combined strains associated with police work in the form of perceived threat potential from citizen contacts and arbitrary, unpredictable, and punitive enforcement of procedural rules by superior officers and police administration. Those psychological strains produce an "us against them" mentality with respect to citizens and police administrators alike.
"The authors correctly defined the component elements of the described police mindset in terms of the three main contributing variables of attitude toward the public, attitude toward immediate superiors and police administration, and self-described roles as law enforcement officers. The study effectively limited the effect of extraneous factors by appropriately excluding both working environments where increased vigilance and concern for officer safety are to be expected, as well as issues corresponding to the most likely areas of idiosyncratic prejudices capable of skewing the accuracy and relevance of the results observed."
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Media Influences On Violent/Criminal Behaviour, 2008.
An analysis and commentary of various research publications on the influence of the media on criminal behavior.
4,127 words (approx. 16.5 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 110.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses various newspaper articles on the influence of violent videos and movies. The paper discusses comments by various authors and researchers who recommend that reseachers study violent people, not the media, to understand them. The paper concludes that the researchers expect that the debate about whether or not media exposure constitutes a significant risk factor for violent behavior, will continue to claim a number of audiences in the future.
Outline:
The Ongoing Debate
Media's Power
Distorted and Troubling Images
Myths and Facts
Gaps in Answers
News Media's Coverage
Portrayal from the Past
Positive Media Impact Potential
From the Paper
"Anderson argues that according to a historical assessment of the research, debate regarding whether media exposure constitutes a significant risk factor for aggressive and violent behavior should have been dismissed years ago. (Bushman & Anderson, 2001, cited by Anderson) "After 40+ years of research," Anderson stresses, "one might think that debate about media violence effects would be over. Four types of media violence studies [nevertheless] provide converging evidence of such effects: laboratory experiments, field experiments, cross-sectional correlation studies, and longitudinal studies." Whether the media's power is frail, as noted by Aquino (cited by Simpson) in this paper's introductory quote, or whether the media contributes to challenging concerns regarding criminal/violent behaviour, the question, as noted by Anderson, along with Danl and Vigna in the following excerpt, still merits debate."
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Organizational Change and the Future of Policing, 2008.
This paper presents an overview of law enforcement trends.
2,483 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses some of the past predictions concerning the future of law enforcement and provides an overview of these current trends to develop an informed assessment of how law enforcement organizations will likely change in the future in response to these trends. A summary of the research and salient findings are presented in the conclusion.
Outline:
Review and Discussion
Theoretical Background and Historical Overview
Current Research
Future Trends in Police Organizations
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Throughout the 20th century, police departments in the United States experienced some disconnection from the public they served that created the need for organizational change that would make these agencies more responsive. For example, in his essay, "Assigned to Patrol," Thale (2004) advises, "Public and scholarly discussions of twentieth-century policing seem to agree that police became disconnected from citizens and neighborhoods during the twentieth century, and that political, technological, and organizational changes have resulted in suspicion, alienation, and loss of important feedback to the police" (p. 1037). In response to these problems, police science has increasingly sought to incorporate policing techniques that could overcome these constraints and provide law enforcement officials with the feedback they needed to accomplish their respective missions. Unfortunately, some of the policing techniques and innovations that have being embraced by police scientists over the years have simply exacerbated these problems of disconnect between law enforcement officials and the communities in which they serve."
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Criminal Justice and ID Technology, 2008.
This paper discusses the evolution of identification technology in law enforcement.
2,551 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that in barely a century and a half, law enforcement identification capabilities have evolved from rudimentary procedures for positively establishing the identity of criminal suspects to incredibly sophisticated methods of identification. The writer points out that modern law enforcement authorities have the benefit of age-old interview and interrogation techniques perfected long before the technological explosion of the late 20th century. The writer discusses that fingerprinting revolutionized police identification procedures at the turn of the 20th century, and computers, DNA science, and digital analysis expanded the identification tools available to law enforcement exponentially. Still, the writer maintains that after 150 years, the basic investigative approach to law enforcement identification procedures remains essentially unchanged, except for the tools themselves.
Outline:
Background and History
Line-ups and Mug-Shots
Interviews and Interrogation
Fingerprints
Blood Evidence
Psychological Profiling
DNA-Based Technology
Shared Computer Databases
Future Directions of Identification Technology
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The traditional methods of positively identifying subjects that developed in the earliest eras of policing relied heavily on the deductive reasoning skills of police investigators, on the availability of witnesses. In this regard, criminal investigations often hinged on the individual investigator's ability to canvass crime scenes, solicit cooperation from witnesses, and information from crime victims and known associates of subjects under investigation or criminal suspects. In turn, the potential value of eyewitness testimony has always been limited by the inaccuracy inherent in human memory.
"Criminal lineups were devised as a method of testing the accuracy of memory, and consisted, in general, of simply presenting a group of subjects containing only one actual criminal suspect to an eyewitness or victim of the crime, with instructions to the witness to identify the individual suspected of perpetrating the crime."
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