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The Female Body, 2008.
This paper discusses the female form, sexuality and society.
764 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that in contemporary American society, the two genders are still socialized very differently in many respects. The Women's Liberation movement and civil rights
legislation of the late 20th century greatly improved women's rights in the last fifty years, but in the realm of self esteem, female attractiveness is still overemphasized in importance. The writer maintains that the natural power of the female form on men makes provocative clothes irresistible to many men, but it conflicts with other elements of social learning about sexual morality. The combination of the issue of gender-specific sexual socialization with constant messages to women encouraging them to accentuate their physical appeal and sexuality for social approval exposes women to sexual objectification in the work place and to deceptive misrepresentation within intimate relationships. The writer concludes that the solution lies mainly in eliminating the difference in male and female sexual socialization throughout society, including the mixed messages about the female form and female sexuality.
Outline:
Introduction
Mixed Messages about Sexuality and Attractiveness
The Influence of the Female Form on Relationships
Conclusion
From the Paper
"This mixed cultural message and focus on female attractiveness is further complicated by the fact that men are socialized to seek as much sexual activity as they can and socially rewarded for sexual conquests beginning in adolescence. By contrast, women are taught to withhold sexuality except within emotionally intimate relationships. This discrepancy and the natural power of the female form to draw male interest promotes a predatory relationship on the part of men toward women. Instead of honesty and mutual attraction and potential romantic interest, many social relationships initiated by men are deceitful in nature and motivated purely by a desire to fulfill a physical urge, even if that requires outright deception. To make matter worse, in many cases, the moral rationalization on the part of men is that women who emphasize their attractiveness and sexuality in their choice of clothes and style "deserve" to be objectified and used for their sexual purposes without concern for their feelings."
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Women in the Old Testament, 2008.
This paper looks at the role of women in the Bible and compares Mary in the New Testament to Eve in the Old Testament.
967 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that the women in the Old Testament are delegated to certain set roles, and those roles frequently center on sexuality. Given that sex was viewed as something sinful, it is not surprising that many of the women in the Old Testament, including Eve and Hannah, were cast in a negative light. The writer then points out that, as the natural result of sexuality was pregnancy and childbirth, which were both revered by Old Testament Jews, many Old Testament women were also revered in their roles as mothers. Both Eve and Hannah were celebrated mothers in the Old Testament. The writer notes that for Christians, the most important role that the women played was to contrast with the appearance of Mary in the New Testament, and one can see features of both the story of Eve and the story of Hannah in the later story of Mary.
From the Paper
"Therefore, Hannah offered to give her child to God. Moreover, not only did Hannah offer her child to God, but she delivered him to the service of the Temple as soon as he was weaned, so that he could devote himself to the Lord. Later, in the New Testament, a similarly devout woman, Mary, would be approached to give a child to God. Of course, the essential difference is that Mary did not pray to become pregnant; instead, she was chosen by the Lord to carry His son. However, both women offered up their sons to the service of the Lord and did so by their faith.
"Of course, that is not the only similarity between the two women. In fact, after discovering that she was going to carry the son of God, Mary called ... "
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Women in Ancient Athens, 2008.
This paper considers the theories of Frederick Engels regarding the position of women in ancient Athens.
1,216 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the limited rights of women in archaic Athens regarding ownership of property. The paper looks at Frederick Engels belief that women's oppression was an unnatural consequence of property relations and was essential for the survival and the privileges of men. The paper therefore shows how Engels' theory on the oppression of women confirms the formal and legal position of women in archaic and classical Athens.
From the Paper
"Law in ancient Athens forbade a woman from engaging in business transactions with money value in excess of five or six days' food for her family (Thompson 2005). Buying anything beyond that required the approval of a male guardian. Ownership of property was likewise complicated and frustrating to her. She might have owned and used a slave, clothing, furniture and jewelry every day but she could not sell or give any of them. She might have claim over land but had no right either to use or sell it. Her rights over property did not mean or include ownership (Thompson)."
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Women and Religion, 2008.
Looks at the position of women in the various world religions based on a collection of readings from "World Religions" by editors Arvind Sharma and Katherine K. Young.
1,905 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Hindu inclusion of the feminist reform and succession translates into modern philosophical objectives common to the feminism approach; whereas, women of the Buddhist faith are often subjected to restrictions. The author points out that Jewish and Christian feminists have worked to obtain equality in the obtaining of religious education methods and tools, which has modified their restrictive traditions. The paper points out that the Islamic religion is the most oppressive religion in terms of women's rights and the feminist movement in general. Islamic women are most often treated as outsiders to the religion.
Table of Contents:
Hinduism and Buddhism's Feminist Theories and Thoughts
The Value of Confucianism and Taoism's Feminist Contributions
Judaism and Christianity
The Islamic Religion
From the Paper
"Taoism's feminist contributions to the overarching conceptual discernment of a religion in tradition lay broad for several reasons. In particular, the female has long since been accounted equally through the religious and sociological aspects of Taoism, which has caused the mirrored development of feminism outward to the inwards of basis for other derivations of religions. Gender equality has existed in Taoism since its earliest years through the non-restrictive availability and opportunity for attaining spiritual enlightenment, growth and dissection."
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WWII and Working Women, 2008.
This paper discusses how the involvement of American women in World War II led to a dramatic change in the labor force.
1,962 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at government propaganda for recruiting women during WWII. The paper describes the working women's situation during the war and discusses the economic and social changes brought about by women in the labor market. The paper explains that this shift paved the way for the 1950s when a new set of ideas entered American society and seriously challenged the role of women in society.
From the Paper
"America's involvement in World War II generated an immense pressure on the national economy as well as labor shortages that were caused by the demands on wartime industry. This was the moment when the need for labor was at its peak. America needed the female part of the population to enlist for employment, and support the war industry. Women started working in factories building planes, tanks and ships as World War II was a war deeply based on production. The U.S. government realized the contribution that American women could bring to America's war effort; thus the War Manpower Commission started working closely with the media and women's organizations in a collective effort to convince women to join the labor force."
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Forced Sterilization for Population Control, 2008.
A discussion of the forced sterilization of Native-American women by the United States government in the 1970s and of Roma women in the former Czechoslovakia.
2,693 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 18 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses forced sterilization as a brutal method of population suppression that is occurring in modern history. It specifically focuses on the forced sterilization of Native-American women by the United States government in the 1970s and of Roma women in the former Czechoslovakia. It describes the background of the issue and the investigations into their occurrence.
Table of Contents:
Sterilization and Native American Women
Targeting the Roma
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Forced sterilization is one of the most brutal abuses of reproductive rights occurring in modern history. The practice, which is often part of racist policies meant to control so-called nuisance populations, has even been widely used by modern, advanced nations such as the United States, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Forced and coerced sterilization was used by doctors employed by the Indian Health Services during the 1970s to deprive thousands of Native Americans the ability to grow their families. Methods ranging from pressure to outright deception were used to control Native American populations and, in some cases, for the doctors to benefit financially. Czechoslovakia used similar methods, and even financial incentives, to force and coerce thousands of Roma women into sterilization procedures as part of a racist government policy that has continued in some form at least until the past few years. Although international pressure and legal challenges have helped stem the practice of forced and coerced sterilization in America, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, the racism that allowed for such policies remains a modern challenge in all three nations."
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Feminist Revision, 2008.
This paper compares and discusses two works about women: Gustave Flaubert's 'Madame Bovary' and Kate Chopin's 'The Awakening'.
1,955 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that works about women written by men are frequently compared to later works written by women. There is a clear line of reasoning in many cases that the later works are attempts by women to seek redress for the manner in which their gender was depicted in the earlier work. The writer points out that there is a clear sense that two works that deserve comparison on this theme are Gustave Flaubert's 'Madame Bovary' and the much shorter novella Kate Chopin's 'The Awakening'. In both works the point of view and lead character are that of a woman, seeking redress in a provincial world for a life that did not meet the expectations she had set for herself or her life in her youth. The writer maintains that to argue that 'The Awakening' is a feminist revision of 'Madame Bovary', requires a deeper analysis of plot and scenes within the works as well as narrative style and method and lastly the representation of the heroine in each work.
From the Paper
"Her last moments of life are spent in fear, as she sees an old blind poet, from her past standing near her window. Her death scene is then followed closely by funereal preparations and many descriptive details, described to her husband of the vast level of degradation she had experienced prior to her death. The point of view, switches contemptuously from Emma to her husband who unravels her infidelity and lack of providence, bit by bit, changing the perception of her death and her life accordingly.
"In comparison, Edna, in The Awakening takes her life by swimming into the gulf to far for any chance of return, has a clean introspective death, where she discovers herself and challenges her roles. She came to the realization that she no longer had longing fro her own life, and she had been unable to fulfill her desires as an independent artist."
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Women and Relationships: Evolutionary Standpoint, 2008.
This paper discusses human sexual behavior and mating choices from a female evolutionary standpoint, focusing special attention to how the roles of women have changed in modern society.
1,348 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the study of human sexual behavior and human sex differences, which has been approached from many different points and in recent years has been viewed through the lens of evolutionary theory. Evolution tries to explain human bodies, and also human minds and behaviors, and it explains not only vague human potentials and capacities but also things far more specific about ourselves than we had thought possible. However, despite agreement on the evolutionary theories, many writers could not accurately explain the idea of human mating choices. Earlier theorists and writers have adhered to the earlier concepts of mating and choices of men and women while changes developed in their roles. For example, women became more open in their relationships with men instead of being a subdued partner. This paper discusses the way these changes have been seen in the current roles of women.
Outline:
Introduction
Changes & Researches
The stereotypes
Preferences for Short & Long Term Relationships
Attractiveness
The Other Side of Beauty
Working/Powerful Women
Conclusions
From the Paper
"The perception is that males assign so much importance to attractiveness that when constrained they ignore personal attributes that appear to be critical for the viability of a long-term romantic relationship. A major drawback of explanations based on social theories is that they do not specify why people in diverse societies assign great importance to attractiveness in the first place. Because attractiveness signals attributes that are crucial for reproductive success, attractive people are pursued by many as potential mates, inculcating and reinforcing their beliefs about their greater desirability compared to unattractive people. The possession of highly sought-after traits would allow attractive people to be choosy, demanding, and less compromising in relationships. Attractive women were perceived to be vain, dishonest, less moral, to have a lack of concern for others, and to be more sexually provocative than less-attractive females. Such a cluster of negative attributes or the other side of the attractiveness stereotype is difficult to explain on the basis of social theories of stereotype formation. An alternative explanation would be that attractive females do, at least occasionally, engage in behaviors that are not held in high regard, thereby giving the 'darker side of beauty' some basis in truth (Alley & Hildebrandt, 1988). The stereotypical belief that attractive women are not very faithful, although consistent with the findings of the darker side of attractiveness, creates a puzzle as attractive women are also rated as most desirable for a long-term relationship. This shows that the female must offer some other qualities as well."
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Theories of Female Development, 2008.
This paper looks at adolescent female development and cultural norms through the character, Jess, in the movie "Bend it Like Beckham".
1,200 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
In most Western cultures, for both males and females, adolescence is a time of intense questioning. It is a developmental stage often characterized by acts of rebellion and defiance of parental dictates and values. However, the relatively uncritical acceptance of this struggle is particular to Western culture, and there is often less tolerance of this in other ethnic contexts. This paper analyzes the movie "Bend it Like Beckham" (2002); specifically the character of Jess, a Sikh girl living in London. Her parents expect obedience while English culture dictates rebellion is essential for children to develop an autonomous identity from their family. This paper also looks at an additional source of conflict that arises from Jess' passion and talent in the male dominated sport of football (soccer). As her mother strives to prepare her for marriage, Jess only wants to play football. But Jess' conflict extends even to English society which suggests that girls use sexuality as a means of rebellion. This paper shows how, despite all of the conflict, Jess actually defines conventional Western norms of femininity in her football prowess, as well as her parent's notions of decorous and obedient feminine behavior.
From the Paper
"Culturally, soccer is a central part of English life. For many young men, becoming like the cultural sports icon David Beckham, or at least aspiring to football prowess is an important part of their personal development. Football is an integrated part of the environment, the ritual of going to games, and participating in games. Jess embraces this ideal, despite her gender and despite the fact that this sport is not indigenous to her East Asian culture. She also finds romance with a non-Indian man. True, Jess cannot 'be' like Beckham in terms of her social and physical ideal exactly, but she can mimic his excellence on the field."
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Women and Christianity, 2008.
This paper discusses the role of women within the Christian religion.
2,000 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that Christianity developed, around the 1st century AD as a sect of Judaism, a faith that set women apart through the development of strict laws about gender roles. The writer maintains that these gender roles determined a subset of standards that were in many ways exclusionary of women. Though the faith spoke of the equality of men and women the woman's vocation as the mother limited in many ways her involvement in the faith and separated her from her male partner to some degree as women have inextricable different religious duties and life roles. The writer concludes that history gives proof to the idea that Christianity and the exclusion of women was an act of man, not of true doctrine or even the nature of the faith.
From the Paper
"The value of this stand is eternal, as it is clear that in a patriarchal society, and in a patriarchal faith, such as Christianity the foundations could still be solid but must be weeded out from the traditional values that deem women inferior and even moronic through the lack of her voice at their inception.
"Christianity, today has answered this call to varying degrees in different schools of the faith and in at least some areas has asked that women be allowed to give to the faith a perception that is more reflective of the modern role of women. Though there are still many "Christian" faiths that exclude women from the most revered roles of the tradition, such as the priesthood there are many more that have challenged this stricture either through allowance of women into the priesthood or by the establishment of an "equal" role through practical rather than dogmatic demonstrations. Rodgers points out that the allowance of women into the priesthood is still an exception rather than a rule, and the that the Roman Catholic faith has been particularly resistant to the move to allow women into their priesthood, change is still occurring and in meaningful ways in large mainline Christian faiths."
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