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Breastfeeding, 2008.
This paper studies the article "Breastfeeding Among Low-
Income Women with and Without Peer Support" by Jean Penrose Arlotti.
1,319 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer examines Jean Penrose Arlotti's article, "Breastfeeding among Low-Income Women with and without Peer Support", which discusses the effects of peer support on breastfeeding among low-income women during the first three months after giving birth. The writer notes that the problem identified in the article was the busy lifestyle of women that interfered with breastfeeding and the lack of prenatal education and support regarding breastfeeding given to low-income women. The writer concludes that the study is clear and concise and could be replicated sufficiently with the proper sample group and support participants.
Outline:
Purpose of Study and Identify Problem
Examine Literature Review
The Study Framework or Theoretical Perspective
Research Objectives, Questions, or Hypotheses
Sample Setting
Measurement Instrument Used in the Study
Procedures for Data Collection
Statistical Analyses Used
Researcher's Interpretation of Findings
Study Limitations Identified by the Researcher
Researcher Generalization of Findings
Implications of the Findings for Nursing
Suggestions for Further Study
The Study is Sufficiently Clear to Replicate
From the Paper
"The independent variables that were operational within the study included whether the participants belonged to a group with a peer counselor or a group without a peer counselor; whether the women belonged to a breastfeeding class; whether the women knew others who breastfed; and whether each woman was given support for breastfeeding. The conceptual independent variable was the mother's career plans after birth. The operational dependent variables in the study dealt with the actual amount of time the women in the study breastfed their babies, while the conceptual dependant variables included peer support, family support, and the effects of breastfeeding education. The research variable, both conceptually and operationally was the time frame that the study was conducted within. The demographic variables used in the study were age of the breastfeeding woman; her education level; marital status; race or ethnicity; her career plans after the child's birth; and whether she planned to breast or bottle-feed her child, or both."
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Breastfeeding Duration, 2008.
This article provides a critique of the article "Breastfeeding duration in an Australian population" by Blyth, et al, which discusses the impact of modifiable risk factors on breastfeeding duration.
1,523 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the writer discusses an article "Breastfeeding Duration in an Australian Population: The Influence of Modifiable Antenatal Factors." by Blyth, R., M. Mid, D. Creedy, C. Dennis, W. Moyle, J. Pratt, S. De Vries & Healy, G. The writer maintains that the modifiable factors discussed in the article have implications for nursing interventions, and all of the researchers who conducted this study are nurses. The writer notes that even though almost all mothers initiate breastfeeding, the current trend around the world is that one-half of those mothers discontinue the practice by one month postpartum and very few are breastfeeding at a later time. This critique assesses the value of the modifiable factors isolated by the researchers, along with the validity of the findings. The writer concludes that modifiable factors do not actually predict breastfeeding duration but they are a reliable source of nursing information about breastfeeding behavior.
From the Paper
"The authors include a literature review that focuses on the decline of breastfeeding and on factors identified in other research which affect the duration of the practice. Among the non-modifiable factors is being economically deprived, or being a member of an ethnic or racial group with inadequate language skills. The modifiable factors include the presence of social support, being provided with essential information, the intention to breastfeed, and confidence with breastfeeding. One of the most formidable obstacles to effective breastfeeding and its duration is lack of needed information by the mother. Most research suggests that when information is provided, breastfeeding will be initiated and its duration will be extended. The authors point out that there is no real consensus about the effectiveness of health teaching, however. The researchers also note the significance given by previous studies to social support. Support from family members can result in three times the likelihood of breastfeeding and a support network also is influential."
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Women's Self Image in the Modern Media, 2008.
A research proposal to analyze the negativity of women's self image in the modern media.
895 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a research proposal to evaluate the current problem of self-image for women in the United States through negative representation found in the modern media. The paper discusses how media distorts and creates bodily manipulations and then relates that, by evaluating the facts and research done to learn how the media accomplishes this, one can realize how to correct and combat negative self-images within women's communities and organizational groups on media literacy.
Table of Contents:
Introduction and Rationale
Working Hypothesis
Research Strategy: The Problem and Various Solutions
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Certainly with media manipulating posing negative images of women that define a way for women to be socially seduced, media literacy is one major solution to helping women discover realistic ways for learning about their bodies. By teaching women through discussion groups, support groups, and other feminist orientated awareness groups to understand how the media is distorting woman's images, there can be a lesser feeling of objectification in how women view themselves. This form of media literacy can help women to view their bodies outside of the patriarchal construct of society that views women as sex objects only to be gazed or looked upon (Ware para.12). Certainly, this can provide a great deal of insight into preventing the exploitation of women's bodies by corporate male executives in the media industry that wish to create women as objects of male desire. By advocating organizations and other groups to prevent this type of negative image, media literacy can be an important avenue for solving this societal problem."
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Analysis of a Qualitative Research Report on Abused Women, 2008.
An analysis of a qualitative research report on battered women, welfare and the family violence option entitled, ''In Their Own Words: Battered Women, Welfare and the Family Violence Option" written by J.L. Postmus".
1,254 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
The paper comments on a research document in which the writer was to record and highlight the needs that mentally and physically abused women required, with regard to the family violence option (FVO) and welfare. The paper stresses that the research is necessary to nursing to indicate that the system did not recognize the requirements of the victims who wished to be freed from their previous spouses. The paper also highlights the inefficiency of this method of attending to the victim's requirements. The paper continues in detail with the manner in which information was collected. The paper summarizes the outcome of the study in which an outlook is presented on the participation of FVO, welfare and domestic violence shelters in assisting women.
Outline:
Statement of the phenomenon of interest
Purpose
Methodology
Sampling
Data collection
Data analysis
Findings
Conclusions, implications and recommendations
From the Paper
"Furthermore, the researcher made clear the strategies to analyze the data, which could be reproduced in similar studies. Yes; the study participants recognize the experiences as their own. Their experiences and insights are documented. In addition, these experiences reflected the women's views, whether or not they were congruent with the researcher's expectations. The research was presented in a logical manner and in a way that the researcher's thoughts are conveyed clearly even if the reader is not familiar with qualitative research."
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Breast Cancer: Focus on the Disease, 2008.
A discussion highlighting the necessity to focus on cancer as a disease, rather than on the subject of prosthetics.
2,658 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
The author of this paper relates that the author of this paper was prompted to reasearch the topic of breast cancer further after her friend had what is termed a 'breast cancer scare'. The paper then defines breast cancer as a gendered disease in which women are led to believe the fallacy that medicine is winning the fight against breast cancer. However being a female gendered disease being investigated by a male dominant medical field prompts the writer to argue that this may not be correct. The paper deals with the approach of cosmetic surgery with the intention of appearing more attractive and quotes examples and experiences of women. The paper states that it is essential for women to be positive and to fight the disease, not to be laid back and accept defeat, nor conceal the fact that breast cancer exists and realize that to hide it under beauty concepts may be fatal.
From the Paper
"Recently, a close friend of mine had what is termed a "breast cancer scare". Following a routine mammogram, she was scheduled to have a suspicious lump removed from one of her breasts. During the wait for the surgery, and then the wait for the pathology report, we all reassured her as much as we could. We told her the things we have read and heard in the media, such as "Breast cancer's not such a big deal any more;" "Providing they catch it early, they can cure it;" "Almost no women die from breast cancer any more." And so on. And I, for one, believed it. It turned out that her lumps were not malignant, for which we are all deeply grateful. However, the incident caused me to wonder whether what we were saying was really true. Has the situation with regard to breast cancer really changed? Is it no longer the killer scourge that women used to fear so much? I did some research - and was shocked by the answers I found. As Batt (2002) puts it, "the overall mortality rate from carcinoma of the breast remains static" (p. 110). This of course begs the question: why are we being encouraged to believe that science is winning the fight against breast cancer, if this is not in fact true? As I will argue in this essay, the answer seems to have much to do with the fact that breast cancer is a gendered disease."
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A Look at America in the 1940s, 2008.
A look at how American women and African Americans changed their view of themselves after the Second World War.
1,430 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
The following paper looks at how the Second World War changed American society in ways that few could have envisioned in 1939, by changing how African Americans and women saw themselves. It also explores the social, cultural, economic, racial, political, and gender contexts of the age in which two important primary documents shedding light on the struggles of both of these aforementioned groups were written.
From the Paper
"In 1941, A. Philip Randolph penned an article in the Black Worker entitled, "Call to Negro America to March on Washington for Jobs and Equal Participation in National Defense." In this piece, Randolph spoke of a "crisis" unfolding within America - a crisis that involved America's black population. As Randolph put it, "What is this crisis? To American Negroes, it is the denial of jobs in Government defense departments. It is racial discrimination in Government departments. It is wide-spread Jim-Crowism in the armed forces of the nation." Mr. Randolph went on to vigorously argue for full integration in the nation's fighting forces and for jobs in critical national defense projects; he also told his readers of what would happen to America if the cries of African-Americans for equal treatment was not reached: "if American democracy will not defend its defenders; if American democracy will not give jobs to its toilers because of race or color; if American democracy will not insure equality of opportunity, freedom and justice to its citizens, black and white, it is a hollow mockery and belies the principles for which it is supposed to stand..." In the end, it may be argued that the cataclysmic upheaval of a world war became the moment within which African-Americans set in motion the civil rights movement still to come."
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HIV/AIDS among Indian Sex Trade Workers, 2008.
Investigates causes for the growing epidemic of HIV/AIDS among sex trade workers in India.
3,145 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 17 sources, APA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
In investigating the causes for the growing epidemic of HIV/AIDS among sex trade workers in India, this paper attempts to link the growth to socio-economic factors. In addition, the paper attempts to see whether India is simply a typical Third World country in this respect, or if there are special circumstances rendering Indian sex trade workers even more vulnerable to HIV/AIDS.
Table of Contents:
Background/Rationale
Objectives
Findings
Epidemiology
General Economic Factors
Socio-Economic Factors that Directly Impact Sex Trade Workers
Discrimination Against AIDS Patients
Political Issues
HIV/AIDS and Sex Trade Workers
Conclusions
From the Paper
"In India, the two main routes of infection are heterosexual contact and drug use. AIDS infections began spreading rapidly in India in the late 1980s and early 1990s. However, the response was slow. Officials were reluctant to admit AIDS was in India. For example, by 1991 only 1,254 AIDS cases were formally reported to WHO for the whole of Asia. However, the true figures were likely ten times as high. In the early 1990s, it began to seem that India and Thailand were the two Asian countries with the highest infection rates."
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Gender and Technology, 2008.
This paper discusses the issue of gendered careers and the role of technology.
1,686 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that one of the greatest changes that has impacted working conditions and careers has been the advent and rapid growth of technology. This massive change has also impacted women workers. The writer discusses that one might have expected that technology would have had a primarily positive impact, given that technology reduces the importance of brute physical strength, and that this is the only variable in which most women have any intrinsic disadvantage, relative to most men. However, the writer maintains that in general, technology does not seem to have been to the advantage of women. The writer argues that technology has had a negative impact on women workers and their careers. This is due not to technology itself, but rather to persistent, sexist stereotypes about what is "natural" for men and women.
From the Paper
"Sim and Yong blame this gender-based polarization on gender-based socialization and stereotyping that negatively impacts women's education and skills training. While this is at last declining, it still functions to prevent most women from gaining the career benefits from technology that are available to so many men."
"When it comes to higher level jobs, and especially jobs that are in high-tech fields such as computerization, medicine, science, and engineering, there appears to be a widespread trend for sexist perceptions about women's abilities to function as a bar that prevents most women from benefiting from the career opportunities opened up by new technology. For example, Whitney notes that women in medicine are still subject to discrimination with regard to admission to medical school, residency selections, appointment of faculty, and advancement. Indeed, Adams argues that medicine has been characterized by active hostility towards the incursions of women physicians, as has dentistry."
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Gender Relations in Chinese Literature, 2008.
A review of the Chinese story "Han the Fifth Sells her Charms in New Bridge Town" by Feng Menglong.
2,110 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how Feng Menglong provides a window into the social, cultural, economic and political nature of Chinese society in the 17th century in his story "Han the Fifth Sells her Charms in New Bridge Town". The paper looks specifically at gender relations in Chinese Society in the 17th century. The paper explains that men and women had rigidly defined roles as well as a range of social and moral obligations attached to these gender roles. Individuals who fail to remain within these prescribed gender roles are seen as weak and immoral. The paper then discusses how Feng Menglong demonstrates what happens when individuals step outside of their prescribed gender roles.
From the Paper
"From the story "Han the Fifth Sells her Charms in New Bridge Town" it appears that gender roles were very important in 17th Century Chinese society. Men were seen as being connected to the Yang(Menglong 91). In order to understand the importance of this it is necessary to look at the concept of Ying and Yang. Ying and Yang are often expressed in a symbol known as the Tai Ji Tu made up of two fish shaped symbols forming a circle. Yang is the active, male heaven principle. Ying is the passive, female earth principle."
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Work Opportunities for Women during WW ll in Canada, 2008.
A review of the work opportunities for women in Canada prior to and after World War ll.
2,445 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that at the start of World War ll women were denied entry to positions in the workforce that were previously thought of as reserved only for men. Thus, the earning capacity of women was considerably lower than that of men and they were unable to accede to positions of economic or political power as well. The paper continues by highlighting that, as a result of the male task force being involved in fighting a war, vacancies in the work situation became available to Canadian women and thus it became apparent that women proved to be as efficient as men in a previous male-dominated areas. Encouraged by capitalism and the ruling powers and the press, Canadian women were now holding major positions which the government attempted unsuccessfully to reverse after the war. The paper concludes that WWI helped women realize their capabilities and achieve equality with their male counterparts.
From the Paper
"In this analysis, it is important to bear in mind that women in Canada have always worked, in one way or another. Feminist scholars such as Bradbury have eloquently dismissed the myth that dual-income families are a new phenomenon, a product of the women's movement in the last few decades. In her analysis of working class families in the period from the 1860s to the 1890s - the time of the industrial revolution in Canada - Bradbury shows that even in that time, married Canadian women were actively involved in a broad range of income-generating activities, such as taking in boarders. At the same time, they were also expected to handle all domestic labour. Bradbury reproduces a cartoon showing a woman on her knees, doing the washing, while her husband eats dinner. The caption reads: "You complain, my poor husband, or your ten hours of labour. Yet I have been working for fourteen hours, and I have not yet finished my day." Bradbury also makes the point that women's labour was essential, and that if most families had relied on the husband's earnings alone, "poverty, even starvation, would have been chronic." Moreover, men would not have had the strength to labour at the factories for ten hours, and women would not have been well enough nourished to produce viable babies. In short, the "working class could not have reproduced itself."
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