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Achievement Gaps, 2008.
This paper discusses reasons for the existence of achievement gaps and looks at possible ways of reducing these gaps.
8,300 words (approx. 33.2 pages), 25 sources, APA, $ 176.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that for many years there has been a considerable achievement gap in America. Most often this achievement gap is evident when comparing wealthy children to poor children. There are also achievement gaps along the lines of race and gender. The writer explores why these achievement gaps exist and the ways in which these gaps can be reduced. The writer also provides some facts concerning the types of achievement gaps that exist in America. The writer maintains that achievement gaps between white and black students begin in elementary school and exist throughout adulthood. The research suggests that such factors as poverty, under funding and racism play substantial roles in contributing to the achievement gap amongst American students.
Outline:
Introduction
Achievement Gap
Why Does an Achievement Gap Exist?
Poverty
Unequal Funding
Locus of Control
Acting White
Academic Disengagement
Reasons for Academic Disengagement
How to reduce the Achievement Gap
Adequate School Funding and School Choice
Better Trained and Better Paid Teachers
Detracking
Changing Perceptions
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"When schools do not have adequate funding they can not purchase enough books for every student, school equipment may be deteriorating and students may not have access to the technologies needed. A lack of these essential tools can make it difficult for students to thrive.
"In addition to adequate school funding, school choice may be needed in some districts. The issue of school choice is a controversial one but parents and students should not have to bear the cost of schools that are failing children and not providing them with the education needed to compete in the world. In a perfect world schools would get funding and well trained teachers but the reality is that in order to close the achievement gap some serious issues must be addressed and this may result in the temporary or permanent closing of underperforming or failing schools."
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Tuberculosis Treatment Adherence Strategies, 2008.
A study to identify the treatment strategies which may be used in sub-Saharan Africa to improve adherence to tuberculosis (TB) treatment.
3,438 words (approx. 13.8 pages), 36 sources, APA, $ 97.95
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Abstract
The research paper examines different strategies that are being used within communities in order to determine the most successful ones in increasing the amount of patients who adhere and complete the treatment plan and therefore decrease the level of tuberculosis (TB) infection. The paper explores the reasons behind non-compliance with treatment and shows how successful strategies attempted to take a multi-faceted approach, addressing issues such as supervision,
economic factors, social support, drug availability, healthcare set-up and others. The paper includes a literature review as an appendix to the paper.
Outline:
Introduction
Results
Conclusions
Appendix: Literature Review
From the Paper
"Tuberculosis remains a significant cause of mortality in sub-Saharan Africa, a situation which is exacerbated due to the association of TB as an opportunistic infection of HIV. Despite there having been treatment programmes in place in many areas of Africa for a number of years there remain a large number of deaths from the disease partially due to poor adherence rates to the treatment programmes available. There has been a large amount of literature published which discusses the factors which may impact on adherence to these treatment programmes, and some which evaluates strategies to improve adherence."
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Race, Gender, and Latin American Eugenics, 2008.
This essay discusses Nancy Leys Stepan's "The Hour of Eugenics: Race, Gender, and Nation in Latin America" and evaluates how theories of "racial improvement" aided modernization in Latin America.
1,185 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the conceptualization of 'science' as purely objective and entirely distanced from the influences of politics. Specifically, this paper looks at the science of eugenics as extremely popular in many nations from the turn of the century until the 1940's. Instead of being purely 'science', as many conceptualized, eugenics was used to justify racial segregation and oppression, in Europe, North America and also in Latin America. According to Nancy Leys Stepan, simply because Latin American eugenics was not used as a tool of state policy on the same level of brutality as in Nazi Germany, does not mean that it was not still deployed by scientists and state officials alike to control human behavior.
From the Paper
"Latin American eugenics was driven by the desire to purify the physical appearance and morality of the nation. Gender, and the presumed inferior place of women also fueled the structure of the health policy, as monitoring the female body and creating the perfect mother was the justification for the compulsory registration of pregnant women and enforced medical exams for the 'good' of the baby and future citizen. Within the bodies of mothers, the new nation would be born, thus (as in Nazi Germany, but with a different scientific justification and emphasis on propagation rather than annihilation) the state 'owned' the body of the woman."
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Maltreatment of Children, 2008.
This paper looks at how the definition of child, along with the concepts of child maltreatment, have evolved over time within society.
3,680 words (approx. 14.7 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 102.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the conception of what constitutes maltreatment of children. Specifically, this paper establishes the view that the whole concept of what constitutes a designation of being a "child" has changed over time, like many other societal definitions. According to the author, the designation of a child as a vulnerable member of society that requires special protection by parents and others is in fact a relatively new concept, and this is especially true of the social designation of adolescence. This paper takes a look at child maltreatment as a concept that has evolved over time, especially with regards to the definitions in a legal sense and the afforded interventions that are offered to society as a whole when these new definitions are breeched. Furthermore, this paper asserts that just like any other recently designated social problem, the phenomena of child maltreatment, though it has existed for all of human history, has taken a significant amount of time to be defined in the manner it is today.
From the Paper
"Sadly, due to the nature of the limited communication skills of children and the desire of many abusers to deny events occurrences social workers are often engaged in resolving behavioral and social problems that occur as a result months or even years of maltreatment or single events that are so traumatic for the child that they relive them continually in thought and seek alternative behaviors to alleviate or even signal the need for intervention. Childhood trauma is a perceptual situation, and all trauma either intentional or unintentional, say as a result of witnessing unrelated acts of violence can effect all children in a different way, from not much at all to fundamentally and long lasting posttraumatic stress which can involve nightmares, behavioral problems, educational problems or even serious social concerns."
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Greek Studies, 2008.
This paper looks at Greek history, focusing on Aristotle's view of Spartan women.
1,220 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer introduces, discusses and analyzes the topic of Greek history. Specifically, the writer discusses the view Aristotle has of Spartan women and looks at how this view compares with other sources on the women of Sparta. The writer points out that Aristotle's view of Spartan women was less than complementary, but this differs from most other sources on Greek history. The writer maintains that Aristotle may have been prejudiced against women, leading to his canted views on Spartan women and their accomplishments.
From the Paper
"Aristotle, one of the most illustrious Greek philosophers, believed, as many Greeks did, that women and education did not mix. In Athens (Aristotle's home), women were educated in the arts, such as spinning, weaving, and many other domestic activities. They were not educated in science and mathematics, as young men were, and there were many other differences, as well. In Sparta, the domestic tasks such as spinning were seen as work for the serfs or lower classes, while Spartan women were educated on the same level as the men. In fact, women also had to excel in athletics and warrior skills as they mastered their education in Sparta, while women in Athens not only were not fully educated, they could not participate in athletics, and could not own property or serve in the political arena, as well."
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Illegal Immigration In America, 2008.
A discussion of some arguments from those who are for and against illegal immigration.
865 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the blocking of illegal immigration in the USA. The paper explains that the last few decades have seen a rise in the illegal immigrant population of the United States, and the line has been drawn in the sand between those against and those for illegal immigration. The writer suggests that before any discussion is made on whether we need more laws to combat illegal immigration, the question perhaps should be that existing laws should and must be implemented. The writer then points out that despite the existence of illegal immigration laws, the divide amongst the pros and the cons are still heavy. From the legal point of view, curbing illegal immigration should be done because it simply is against the law, and the moral point of view is otherwise and goes against the ethical principle of helping humanity.
From the Paper
"The United States has always been seen by most outsiders as the "land of milk and honey." Couple this with what they see in Hollywood movies as the "American dream." Indeed, the United States can be a land where one could fulfill your dreams and hopes. But like anything else, there are limits to how far dreams could be reached or how many could avail of that opportunity."
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Defining Sociology, 2008.
This paper attempts to provide a definition of sociology.
1,151 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
The paper explains the importance of defining sociology as a discipline. The paper looks at various attitudes towards the study of the social sciences and concludes that the idea that being in a group affects the individual is perhaps the fundamental assumption of sociology. The paper explains that this is regardless whether one takes a qualitative or quantitative approach and regardless of one's political persuasion as a theorist or researcher.
From the Paper
"Sociology, like all of the social sciences, seems to overlap with man of its 'sister' social sciences, such as anthropology, psychology, and even history. Finding a coherent definition of sociology is something that eludes even the college textbooks that attempt to introduce undergraduate students to the discipline. While reaching an exact definition of sociology may seem less crucial than examining the specific subjects that are studied in a sociology course, explaining the theoretical underpinnings of the author of a textbook provide clues as to the author's biases and assumptions about the purpose of studying the subject."
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Is Legislating Morality Immoral?, 2008.
An argument that the legislative attempts to moralize victimless behavior have created a crisis of over-criminalization in America.
1,558 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
The paper addresses the phenomenon of over-criminalization in America today. The paper discusses how there is a proliferation of laws that punish people for behavior that, while considered immoral by some portion of the population, has no real victims and creates no lasting harms. The paper contends that although determining criminal behavior is a moral process, a freedom-based society has to balance society's moral views with the concepts of personal liberty and justice.
From the Paper
"To understand how overcriminalization happens, one must first understand criminalization. Lawmakers respond to societal pressures by creating laws to address new social issues. This is not an inherently negative process. For example, before the advent of the internet, many behaviors that are currently considered criminal were not considered crimes and placed people in danger of victimization. This has happened in the area of violent crimes as well. As recently as a century ago, child molestation was not generally acknowledged, and such behavior was certainly not criminalized. As society became aware that child molestation was a problem, the behavior began to be criminalized. Furthermore, as society became aware of how serious and dramatic the impact of molestation is on a child's life, legislators responded by increasing the penalties for those crimes. In circumstances such as those described above, criminalization is a positive phenomenon because it penalizes behavior that has the potential for creating serious harm and is, by its nature, victimizing."
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The Female Body, 2008.
This paper discusses the female form, sexuality and society.
764 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that in contemporary American society, the two genders are still socialized very differently in many respects. The Women's Liberation movement and civil rights
legislation of the late 20th century greatly improved women's rights in the last fifty years, but in the realm of self esteem, female attractiveness is still overemphasized in importance. The writer maintains that the natural power of the female form on men makes provocative clothes irresistible to many men, but it conflicts with other elements of social learning about sexual morality. The combination of the issue of gender-specific sexual socialization with constant messages to women encouraging them to accentuate their physical appeal and sexuality for social approval exposes women to sexual objectification in the work place and to deceptive misrepresentation within intimate relationships. The writer concludes that the solution lies mainly in eliminating the difference in male and female sexual socialization throughout society, including the mixed messages about the female form and female sexuality.
Outline:
Introduction
Mixed Messages about Sexuality and Attractiveness
The Influence of the Female Form on Relationships
Conclusion
From the Paper
"This mixed cultural message and focus on female attractiveness is further complicated by the fact that men are socialized to seek as much sexual activity as they can and socially rewarded for sexual conquests beginning in adolescence. By contrast, women are taught to withhold sexuality except within emotionally intimate relationships. This discrepancy and the natural power of the female form to draw male interest promotes a predatory relationship on the part of men toward women. Instead of honesty and mutual attraction and potential romantic interest, many social relationships initiated by men are deceitful in nature and motivated purely by a desire to fulfill a physical urge, even if that requires outright deception. To make matter worse, in many cases, the moral rationalization on the part of men is that women who emphasize their attractiveness and sexuality in their choice of clothes and style "deserve" to be objectified and used for their sexual purposes without concern for their feelings."
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U.S. Public Health Care, 2008.
This paper discusses public health action that addresses prevention of cardiovascular events, early detection, treatment of risk factors and early identification and treatment of heart attacks and strokes.
883 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the United States Public Health Service (P.H.S.) has taken the responsibility to find a solution with the growing epidemic of cardiovascular disease in our country. The writer notes that the success of the program depends largely on communicating to the public of the urgent need to prevent heart disease and strokes. It also relies on the nation's public health infrastructure to collaborate in supporting the necessary actions for its goals. The writer points out that prevention is believed to start from disseminating information regarding the consequences of poor diet and lack of exercise, and the truth on cardiovascular disease. The writer concludes that the success of this mission can only be attained if there is complete involvement of all community members, policy makers, and various sectors of our society.
From the Paper
"The CDC seeks to protect the health of the general public by disseminating information and implementing ways to prevent diseases and infection. The NIH is the country's primary agency for biotechnical and medical research. Along with several departments and institutions, the US PHS aims to promote and preserve the general well-being of all Americans.
"The US PHS has taken the responsibility to find a solution with the growing epidemic of cardiovascular disease in our country. In 2003, under the leadership of CDC and NIH, the US PHS launched A Public Health Action Plan to Prevent Heart Disease and Stroke, an umbrella program which aims to reduce the incidence of heart disease and stroke among Americans of all ages. The Action Plan based its goals on the objectives of the Healthy People 2010, a program that has been ongoing for 2 decades. It aims to increase the quality and number of years of healthy living individuals, and it further aims to eliminate risk factors for heart diseases."
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