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The Cold War: 1946-1960, 2004.
This paper discusses how the Cold War, a conflict based on diverse political ideologies, was mainly "fought" between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. in the years following the end of World War II.
4,315 words (approx. 17.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 114.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the central problem seems to have revolved around the desire of the West to liberate the states of Eastern Europe through democratic reforms and a capitalist economy; however, Joseph Stalin, the tyrannical leader of the Soviet Union, felt that he was entitled to rule the Eastern European countries that the Soviet Union had occupied during the war. The author points out the term ?Iron Curtain? meant that the West and the East were divided by an invisible barrier beginning in Berlin, Germany, a barrier based on political divisiveness and social agendas, which could only be penetrated by d?tente and threats, especially via the use and proliferation of atomic weapons. The paper relates that on December 20, 1950, former President Herbert Hoover stated, ?Americans have no reason for hysteria or loss of confidence in our security or our future, (for) within American security rests the future security of all mankind?; thereby, summing up the entire Cold War. The United States must persevere to guarantee that such atomic annihilation never occurs, even in a world filled with the possible horrors of uncontrolled technology.
From the Paper
"On January 10, 1946, the first General Assembly of the newly formed United Nations convened in London with U.S. Secretary of State James F. Byrnes leading the American delegation. In all, fifty-one nations, most of which were heavily involved in World War II and suffered millions of casualties, took part in this global meeting. The bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan was one of the prime reasons for this delegation, due to the realization of the immense power of atomic energy and its potential for misuse in the form of atomic weapons. On January 24, the U.N. agreed to an international Atomic Energy Commission that in essence would impose highly restrictive laws regarding atomic energy and its use in wartime as well as in peacetime. Some historians have recognized the development of this commission as the initial trigger for the Cold War, due to the fact that it ?placed the Soviet Union, while under the control of Josep Stalin, in a position of defending itself against preconceived enemies that wished to destroy the Communist/Socialist system.?"
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The European Monetary System, 2004.
An analysis of the European Monetary System (EMS).
1,170 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper defines and discusses in detail the concepts and ideas of the single European Market. The paper analyzes the European Monetary System (EMS). The paper explains that the EMS came about after several attempts to stabilize exchange rates among members of the European community. In time, the European Community developed a plan to introduce a single currency into the market, the Euro. The paper presents a literature review on this topic.
From the Paper
"According to a book entitled ?The European Monetary System and European Monetary Union? the single European Market is a product of what began as the European Community of 1978 (Fratianni and Von Hagen). The book explains that the European Monetary System (EMS) was designed to be a single European monetary system (Fratianni and Von Hagen). The authors assert that the EMS was designed in an effort to ?strengthen the coordination of monetary and economic policies among the members of the Community, to stabilize exchange rates, and to take a new step on the road of monetary unification in Europe (Fratianni and Von Hagen).?"
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?European Expansion and the Civilization of Modernity?, 2004.
An analysis of traditional and modern societies during the European expansion, through a review of ?European Expansion and the Civilization of Modernity? written by S. N. Elsenstadt.
723 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper examines modernism in Europe and the rise of socialism in non-Western societies. The paper reviews S. N. Elsenstadt's ?European Expansion and the Civilization of Modernity? and discusses Elsenstadt?s arguments regarding the changes in the European expansion in non-Western societies, from being modernist to socialist, even traditionalist, societies. The paper argues that the retardation of modernism in non-Western societies is not exactly the abrupt stoppage of the European expansion.
From the Paper
"?European expansion and the civilization of modernity? by S. N. Elsenstadt provides a through discussion and analysis of the dynamics concerning the European expansion, centering in particular on its effects in non-Western or Asian societies. Tracing the history of the European expansion from the emergence of industrialization to the development of capitalism in Western societies, the author seeks to determine what caused the seemingly contradicting development of the so-called ?expansionist? movement of modernization in Europe. That is, instead of spreading modernization and capitalism in Asian societies, what occurred was the rise of socialism, which is a new form of society that overturns the basic premises of capitalism-in effect, modernization."
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The Cold War, 2004.
This paper is about the historiography examining the origins of the Cold War.
2,535 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 21 sources, MLA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the historiography of the origins of the Cold War passes through three chronologically defined and ideologically distinct phases, which can be called ?traditionalist?, ?revisionist?, and ?post-revisionist?. Each reflects the cultural and political attitudes prevailing in the wider Cold War context of the particular era in which it flourished. The author points out that some historians believe that power politics and strategic considerations were more important than ideology in determining Soviet policy and behavior; therefore, the Cold War resulted from a contest of great powers, not a conflict of ideologies, and both the United States and the Soviet Union bear responsibility for the origins of the Cold War. The paper relates that a new element, which reflects important trends in modern Cold War scholarship, concerns the personality of Stalin, the nature of authoritarian government, and the character and content of Communist ideology.
From the Paper
"From the end of the Second World War until the mid-1960s, the ?traditionalists? held the field with a standpoint that can be summarized as essentially pro-American/pro-Western and anti-Soviet. Essentially, such scholars held the Soviet Union responsible for the onset of the Cold War by undermining the Second World War alliance between East and West, increasing the level of military confrontation between Russia and America, and acting aggressively to promote the imposition and spread of Communism in Europe and elsewhere. It was thus argued that the United States was correct in its policy of containment towards the USSR and the Eastern Bloc, and that the American position was essentially a defensive one forced upon it by the hostility and aggression of the Communist East."
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Romanian Christianity, 2004.
Examines how Christianity is linked with Romania's history, culture, and national identity.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the history of Christianity in the county of Romania, beginning with the arrival of St. Andrew around the 1st century AD, who left a colorful legacy of Christian belief, doctrine, and even mythos in his wake. The paper discusses how Christianity is embedded in Romanian national identity and how the religion withstood years of Communist oppression.
From the Paper
"Despite the overwhelming fears and destructiveness of the icon-breaking Communist governments, and the despotic rulers of other times the faith and the strength of the nation, as a self-defined Christian country is unflagging, and the new generations, unlike many other post-colonial populations, see Christianity in their future, rather than simply as a quaint part of their cultural past."
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The Conflict in Chechnya, 2004.
An analysis of the Chechen conflict.
2,487 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses and analyzes the topic of Chechnya. Specifically, it discusses the Chechen conflict with Russia, including how it started and when, along with the causes, effects, main events and attacks, and a current perspective on events in Chechnya today. It discusses how Chechnya has always desired independence from Russia and continues to fight for its freedom today. The tiny country has not been able to shed Russian influence and government, but it has evolved into a world political crisis that has affected thousands of Chechen civilians and continues to cause strife and violence today.
From the Paper
"Chechnya is a Soviet Republic that declared independence from Russia in 1991. However, Russia's leaders refused to acknowledge Chechnya's independence, and instead sent in troops to subdue the Chechens. They withdrew when they met armed Chechens ready to defend their country, but the current conflict had its beginnings in these events in 1991, which escalated to full-scale war by 1994. However, the roots of the problems between Chechnya and Russia go much, much deeper than the current crisis."
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Youth Unemployment in Moldova, 2004.
An examination of the problem of youth unemployment and other economic hardships in Moldova.
1,154 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the economic situation in Moldova, focusing on the phenomenon of youth unemployment. It looks at the assistance being received by the World Bank and concludes that, with continued, but carefully managed and targeted support to address the specific problem of unemployment, emigration, and migration among the young, the future of Moldova is not as dismal as it seemed in the early 1990s.
From the Paper
"One of the most critical concerns of the current Work Bank is the high rate of youth unemployment in South Eastern Europe. This phenomenon of high youth unemployment, it is feared, will lead to a state of increasing instability across the region. More and more young people in this region are aimless in life, and grow up without being instituted in an appropriate ?work culture.? Either they will emigrate, depleting their nations of young employees, or become drains on the economy. These countries are also afflicted by low birth rates, which will continue to create a diminished labor force."
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The European Union and Russia, 2004.
A dissertation that examines the European Union's security policy towards Russia.
15,700 words (approx. 62.8 pages), 88 sources, MLA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This dissertation is divided into five chapters. Chapter One introduces the nature of the central issue: EU security policy towards Russia during the period 1992-2004 in the context of the European security issues during those years. It is symptomatic of the dynamics of this changing context that much of the existing literature tends to examine this issue not from the point of view of the EU, but rather via the prism of NATO-Russia relations. As a result, it will be one of the contentions of the present study that there is a ?literature gap? in the existing work on this area that, itself, perhaps reflects the Cold War biases, conscious and unconscious, that continue to influence academic studies in this field. Chapter Two analyzes the relevant theoretical approaches and seeks to establish a theoretical paradigm for use in this study. Two influential approaches to the study of international security relationships are examined: neo-functionalism and liberal intergovernmentalism. Each of these theoretical approaches has recently undergone sustained criticism and redevelopment, and this chapter considers this process and its significance for studies, such as the present analysis. Finally, this chapter identifies the fundamental theoretical approach for this study to be liberal intergovernmentalism, deployed within a methodology of quantitative and qualitative research. Chapter Three consists of a review of related literature, subjected to comparative analysis and categorized on the basis of qualitative and quantitative sources. This chapter explores further the issue of the ?literature gap? in existing studies, identifying areas in which this dissertation seeks to extend and innovate approaches to the issue under study. Chapter Four is devoted to an analysis of relevant data and its relationship to the theoretical model established in Chapter Two. Chapter Five returns to the research questions and seeks to answer them on the basis of the analytical, theoretical, and comparative work outlined in the preceding chapters. The final section of the dissertation is a conclusion in which the findings of the study are summarized and their relationship to the theoretical models used considered. This also provides a basis for the validity of the theoretical model used to be assessed and for possible avenues of further research to be outlined.
Outline
Introduction
The Problem
The Theoretical Approach
Literature Review
Analysis
Answering the Research Questions
From the Paper
"The political and economic uncertainty in Russia during 1998-99, not surprisingly, had a deleterious effect on the implementation of the planned work programme and there was some disappointment on the EU side that more progress had not been made. At the second meeting of the Cooperation Council in May 1999 the official communiqu? was much more positive. In general, the PCA has had a major impact on the frequency and breadth of official contacts between the EU and Russia, and laid the basis for more effective cooperation on a wide range of policy areas."
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The Expanded European Union, 2004.
This paper discusses the question of the degree of potential migration of workers from the newly-joined states to the original fifteen European Union (EU) countries.
1,745 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that no one knows for sure what kind of impact the enlargement of the EU will have on labor movement; some believe that large numbers of individuals will be heading west to look for jobs, but others say that history has shown that war devastation is the primary reason why people leave their homeland. The author points out that part of the concern about workers stems from the differences in economies between the two areas of Europe; lower paid or unemployed workers from the ten new members will follow the money trail to the existing 15 EU countries. The paper relates that, under the terms of accession, existing EU countries have the right to block free movement of labor from the new joiners for up to seven years.
From the Paper
"Time Europe magazine reports sarcastically on the effect such headlines have on those who have already migrated: ?That image must come as cold, ironic comfort to 54 Greeks who did not exactly find Britain an employment paradise.? Although they had already been entitled to work with full legal protection anyplace in the E.U., these Greek workers were hired as temps to pick flowers in Southwest England. In rain and snow they labored for nine hours a day and lived in a tent without any heat or plumbing, which local officials declared ?totally unfit for human habitation.? In addition, the hiring employers had told the men that they would not be paid until they came up with E1500 for transportation and lodging. After two weeks, the Greek migrants were saved by their embassy."
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A Cultural Profile of Russian Culture, 2004.
Presents related information regarding the culture of Russia.
1,889 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a cultural report and analysis of the prominent characteristics of Russian culture. The paper is intended to help travelers or visitors to Russia better understand its culture. Included in the discussion is a description of interesting or important cultural characteristics, ideas that would help the reader adapt to the cultural differences one might experience in Russia, ideas to serve as guidelines for people wanting to succeed as communicators in the Russian environment, and the author's own reactions and impressions to various Russian cultural characteristics and practices.
From the Paper
"Culture is defined as the combination of various patterns, which are practiced by individuals of a country. Culture is the identification of the people of a particular country. Culture includes actions, behavior and practices along with food, clothes and traditions, which are followed by the people of a particular country. Cultural characteristics are not formed in one day, but these characteristics and practices are defined gradually and thus it is the duty of a citizen to adopt these cultural practices and characteristics so that other people who belong to other countries can identify the people as to which culture they belong to. Behavior patterns, norms, language and skills are the essential characteristics, which combinely form CULTURE."
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