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Paradigm Shift in Cancer Research & Treatment, 2002.
This paper evaluates the roles played by physics, chemistry and biology in cancer research and treatment.
2,986 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
The writer attempts to prove that while close cooperation among these disciplines may already be well established, such coordination is no less crucial to advancements in the quality and efficacy of cancer research and treatment. The paper gives a history of the disease and its treatments, concluding with the assertion that valuable treatment alternatives have been brought forward through multidisciplinary efforts.
From the Paper
"A report demonstrated that approximately 25 percent of apparent squamous tumors have demonstrable mucin production and behave more aggressively than their pure squamous counterparts suggesting that any adenomatous differentiation may confer a negative prognosis. The decreased survival is mainly due to more advanced stage and nodal involvement rather than cell type as an independent variable. Human immunodeficiency virus-infected women have more aggressive and advanced disease and a poorer prognosis. A study of patients with known invasive squamous carcinoma of the cervix found that overexpression of the c-myc oncogene was associated with a poorer prognosis. Number of cells in S phase may also have prognostic significance in early cervical carcinoma (National Cancer Institute 9)."
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Gallium Chemotherapy Drugs, 2003.
This paper describes the discovery, development and clinical uses of gallium-based chemotherapy drugs.
2,065 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 17 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper describes gallium-based chemotherapeutic drugs. Included is a brief discussion of the history and development of these drugs, clinical uses for gallium, and problems with gallium chemotherapy. Also included is a discussion of potential alternate uses for gallium drugs, including using gallium as an antiviral or to combat hypercalcemia.
From the Paper
"Gallium is a naturally occurring group IIIa heavy metal. Because of its low melting temperature (303 K), chemists have long used gallium industrially as a component of low-melting alloys. It has only been within the last forty years, however, that scientists have studied gallium in medicine. Following the serendipitous discovery of platinum?s antitumor properties in the late 1960s, the U.S. National Cancer Institute started a systematic study of several metallic elements to see if they too might display anticancer effects. While all of the Group IIIa elements (boron, aluminum, gallium, and thallium) displayed significant cytotoxic activity, gallium was the most active and least toxic of these metals when tested against animal tumors.1 Later, in a separate development, researchers noted gallium?s ability to localize in bone, leading clinicians to use 67Ga citrate in some diagnostic bone scans. In the 1970s, a physician conducting such a scan observed quite accidentally that gallium accumulated in nonosseous malignant tissue as well.2 Indeed, further tests showed that gallium was the only IIIa metal to display cytotoxic activity when inoculated at a site other than the tumor itself.1 These unique properties spurred a great deal of research interest in developing gallium-based chemotherapeutic agents."
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Technetium Radio-pharmaceuticals, 2003.
This paper describes the diagnostic uses of technetium-based radio-chemical agents in nuclear medicine.
1,372 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the chemical structure and clinical uses of technetium-based radio-pharmaceuticals which have since the 1970s, served as the mainstay for every hospital?s nuclear medicine department. Today, fully 85% of all diagnostic scans in American hospitals use 99mTc in some chemical form. It includes a brief overview of several "technetium-essential" and "technetium-tagged" radio-pharmaceuticals, as well as a discussion of current areas of research and development for new technetium drugs.
From the Paper
"Technetium-99m has several physical properties that make it ideal for use in nuclear medicine. Foremost among these is that Tc-99m generally emits only gamma rays. These gamma ray photons are of a high enough energy (140,000 eV) that they can easily pass through dense tissue and exit the body, but can be effectively stopped and detected by a special gamma camera. Other radionuclides generate alpha and/or beta particles, which are diagnostically useless since they lack the penetrating ability to exit the human body. Worse, the ionizing ability of these decay products can damage tissue."
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The Mystery of Modern Science, 2002.
A discussion of the effect of magic and religion on modern science.
895 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how magic and religion have always seemed to be at odds with the scientific community and how ironically enough they were major contributors to the motivation and means behind the Scientific Revolution. It looks at how many of the leaders of discovery in that time were heavily influenced by religious matters and how men like Descartes, Newton and Galileo saw their work as evidence of God?s infinite wisdom. It examines the specific circumstances surrounding scientific discovery in the 1600s and the natural philosophers themselves and evaluates the influence of these factors on methodology and motivation.
From the Paper
"Magic was redefined as well. The new interest that began the Scientific Revolution was due in part to a desire for more practical convenience. Mechanism and alchemy came directly from magic and the occult, but according to our present definition of magic, this fact is blurred. We tend to view the mystical, demonic, or spiritual side of magic as the whole, but in truth, scientists took the physical, known use of magic and renamed it SCIENCE. At one time, using an herb or a mineral solution to cure a physical ailment was considered natural magic. To use one thing in nature to affect another, to study their interaction closely, and to derive conclusions from this intimate knowledge of the natural power of things, was an early form of the Scientific Method. This method was taken directly from natural magicians."
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Porosity in Brass, 2002.
A discussion of the different methods used by metallurgists to minimize porosity in brass.
3,345 words (approx. 13.4 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 95.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an insight into brass, a useful alloy of two metals, copper and zinc which has been used for cultural uses and ornamentation since the 13th century BC. It examines how the porosity, or the ratio of the volume of interstices of a material to the volume of its mass, can be reduced in order for brasses of all compositions to be worked or hardened to form wires, fittings or ornaments with the most utilitarian strength, elasticity or ductility features.
Outline
Introduction
Brass
A Thousand Years of Brass-Making
Phase Diagram for All Brasses
Density of Brass Varieties
Porosity in Brass
Metal Porosity--in its Place
Manufacturing Methods to Reduce Porosity
Post-Manufacturing Methods that May Reduce Porosity
Unavoidable Internal Change Mechanisms Possibly Affecting Porosity
Summary and Conclusions
From the Paper
"As with many metals and alloys, brass is often worked after its formation, not merely for shaping into the desired form, but also to alter for improvement one or more of its physical properties: Strength or hardness, ductility or elasticity, as examples. The methods are generally lumped as a number of "hardening" types, although their purposes rarely include the reduction of porosity, per se. Some are carried out at room temperature (called "cold work"); others are performed at a variety of elevated temperatures, each having its own intended effect (called "hot working")(14:7-9)."
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Chemical Inhibitor of p53: Against the Side-Effects of Cancer Therapy, 2002.
This paper looks at a study conducted on mice which shows that the suppression of p53, done in conjunction with cancer therapy, may give patients some relief from unpleasant side-effects.
1,227 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The paper suggests that while the chemical inhibitor of p53 is suppressed, at the same time this treatment can allow for appropriate treatment to destroy p53-deficient cancer cells in a patient. The paper gives the chemical explanation for how the results were found in mice. The writer concludes with a discussion of the importance of this research for the future of cancer patients undergoing the intense treatment to fight the spread of the disease.
From the Paper
"The p53 inhibitor had almost no protective effect if it was added up to 18 hours prior to, and removed immediately before, irradiation. A short, 3-hour treatment with PFT-alpha after irradiation had a pronounced protective effect on the cells, and a 24-hour incubation gave maximal protection. If PFT-alpha was added 3 hours after irradiation, it was not able to rescue the cells from radiation-induced damage. This suggests that ultraviolet radiation-induced apoptosis is significantly reduced within several hours, and completely eradicated within 24 hours of irradiation by PFT-alpha."
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Cadmium Poisoning, 2002.
This paper discusses the not very well-known source of poisoning through cadmium, a zinc ore that resembles tin.
1,331 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by giving a scientific content breakdown of cadmium, explaining what it looks like and what its uses are. It discusses where the risks exist where one could get cadmium poisoning and what areas are exposed to such an agent. It also looks at toxicological concerns which are the health problems which could occur when exposed to cadmium over a long period of time. It concludes with suggestions for exposure control.
OUTLINE
Introduction
Cadmium poisoning on the Increase
Description of Cadmium
General Concerns about Toxicity
Exposures
Underground Mineral
Water
Airborne
Food
Industrial
Toxicological Concerns
Renal Dysfunction
Immunosuppressant Problems
Emphysema
Anemia
Role in Cancer, Hypertension and Heart and Kidney Disease.
Exposure Control
Safe Levels
Exposure Reduction
From the Paper
"Cadmium poisoning was chosen as a topic because it is a threat that can be avoided and because it is not a well-known source of poisoning. Better knowledge of the issue would help reduce incidence. Cadmium, the name for which was derived from the Greek kadmeia, is a zinc ore that resembles tin. It is a metallic blueish white element with the atomic number 48 and the atomic weight of 112.40. Cadmium has many uses in industry. At one time, Cadmium was included in medications, but these have since been replaced by less toxic drugs. A recurrent problem is cadmium poisoning, brought about through the inhalation of cadmium in fumes created by welding, smelting, or other industrial processes involving solder. Cadmium bromide is used in engraving, lithography, and photography and can cause severe gastrointestinal symptoms if swallowed. Cadmium poisoning may also be caused by the ingestion of acidic foods prepared and stored in cadmium-lined containers, such as lemonade in certain metal cans."
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Chemical Warfare, 2002.
A paper describing the history, form and effects of chemical warfare through the ages.
1,687 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
In this report the writer explains chemical warfare and list the types of agents which can be used. It describes how a person is affected and the great potential hazards and dangers. The writer provides an overview of historical cases when chemical warfare has been used and explains how it?s transmitted. The paper gives specific examples of certain types, and lastly, looks at how a person can be protected from chemical warfare.
From the Paper
"On April 22 in 1915, six thousand pressurized cylinders full of chlorine gas were released into the wind near the Belgian village of Ypres. The chlorine floated in huge clouds slowly being carried by the wind until it reached an ally army to Germany, then killing 10,000 soldiers. Because of the amount of gas released the chlorine caused large amounts of yellowish fluid to form in the lungs of the soldiers causing them to choke to death. Germany attacked again another two days later killing another 5,000 soldiers with chlorine gas. This was the first chemical weapon attack in history and chlorine was the first chemical agent. Since then there have been a handful more times when chemicals have been used to attack other people and with the terrorist attacks on 9-11 Americans know the fear of chemicals being used against us. In this report I will explain chemical warfare, list the types, describe how a person is affected, explain when they’ve been used, explain how it’s transmitted, give specific examples of certain types, and lastly, how a person is protected from chemical warfare."
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Chemical Weapons, 2002.
A technical discussion of toxic properties of various weapons.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, $ 39.95
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Abstract
Technical discussion of toxic properties of various weapons. Purpose of producing physiological or physical effects on enemy forces. Modern origin in use of mustard gas in World War I. Describes blistering agents (vesicants), nerve gas, VX, Soman, B2, toxins and allergens. Treaties to prevent use of chemical weapons. The Geneva Protocol of 1925 and the Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993.
From the Paper
"Chemical weapons use the toxic properties of chemicals to produce physical or physiological effects, usually on enemy forces during wars (FAS-Introduction, 2001). Although they have been used throughout history, chemical weapons are thought of as originating during World War I with the use of mustard gas by both sides. In 1925, the Geneva Protocol was signed which prohibited the use of chemical weapons in warfare, but several nations who signed the pact, including the United States, did so with the proviso that they reserved the right to retaliate in kind if chemical weapons were used against them. Neither side used chemical weapons during World War II. Common agents in use are: the blood agents arsine, cyanogen chloride and hydrogen chloride; the choking agents chlorine, diphosgene, PFIB and phosgene; nerve agents GA (tabun), GB (sarin), GD (soman), GE, GF, V..."
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Ethanol, 2002.
A discussion of the benefits of ethanol as a renewable fuel and valuable resource.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, $ 39.95
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Abstract
Discusses benefits of ethanol as a renewable fuel & valuable resource. Fuel Cell technology. Internal combustion engine & exhaust problems of air pollution. Expansion of ethanol use. "Flex-fuel" vehicles. How fuel cells work. Effect on environment. Need to use ethanol as a fuel resource, not as a waste product.
From the Paper
"Ethanol, once considered a hazardous waste product of many industrial processes is no longer viewed in that light. Now, it is a valuable resource, much sought after, particular in fuel cell technology (Ethanol as a renewable fuel, 2000). The internal combustion engine gains its energy from the heat released during the combustion of the non-reacted working fluids, the oxidizer-fuel mixer (Britannica, 2000). The process occurs within the engine, and is a part of the thermodynamic cycle of the device. Useful work generated by the internal combustion engine results from the hot, gaseous products of combustion acting on moving surfaces of the engine, such as the face of a piston, a turbine blade, or a nozzle.
The most common example of the internal combustion engine, the intermittent combustion engine, is characterized by periodic..."
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