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Chicken Wing Microbiology, 2006.
A report on how to remove bacteria from chicken wings and the efficacy of antibiotics on the bacteria.
2,547 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a formal biology laboratory report. It presents a procedure that was devised to remove all bacteria from a chicken wing. It begins by discussing the bacteria that can be present on chicken wings and the possible solutions to the problem. The paper then reports on a test for the efficacy of certain antibiotics on the bacteria of the untreated wing.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Study Organisms
Treatment Of Choice For Elimination Of Bacteria From A Chicken Wing
Serial Dilutions Of Washes From Both Wings
Gathering Of Bacterial Cultures From Both Wings
Effects Of Various Antibiotics On Three Types Of Bacteria
Results
Control Agar Petri Plate
Treatment Agar Petri Plate
Antibiotic Disk Results
Chicken Wing Bacteria
Discussion
Appendix
From the Paper
"It is important to remove all bacteria, such as salmonella, from raw foods to avoid any foodborne diseases. Four serial dilutions were created in microfuge test tubes for a control chicken wing and a treatment chicken wing. The treatment chicken wing was treated using vinegar, salt, and heat. Cultures from each microfuge test tube were streaked on two different agar plates and left to reproduce, incubated at 30o Celsius for 22 hours. The proposed treatment of the chicken wing proved to be 100% effective producing no visible colonies on the agar plate. Four antibiotics - penicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol - were used to treat E. coli, M. luteus, and chicken wing bacteria. The bacteria cultures were smeared on three different Petri dishes, and divided into four quadrants where antibiotic disks were placed. After 22 hours of incubation at 30o Celsius, diameters of the rings of clear agar around each antibiotic disk were recorded. Chloramphenicol produced the largest diameter on all three Petri dishes, while penicillin proved to work best on gram-positive bacteria. The bacteria on the chicken wing were gram-negative and most resistant to tetracycline."
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Alcohol, 2007.
A description of the uses of alcohol and the way that alcohol consumption can be abused and affect one's life.
3,895 words (approx. 15.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 106.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a discussion into the properties and uses of alcohol. It begins by describing what alcohol is made of and then goes on to discuss the long-term and short-term effects of alcohol on the body. The paper includes a discussion on the effects of alcohol on one's social life, particularly the phenomenon of college drinking and also of the dangers of drinking and driving.
From the Paper
"Alcohol, also know as ethanol or CH3-CH2-OH, is a clear, odorless, intoxicating element found in beer (12oz), wine (4oz), and spirits (1 ounce of 100 proof spirit). The use of alcohol can be traced back thousands of years, as early as 10,000 BC. Although typically used for social purposes, alcohol is a dangerous drug that is commonly misused and even abused in many peoples' lives around the world. "Multiple neurotransmitter systems play a role in mediating the behavioral effects of alcohol that have been linked to its abuse and dependence" ( Sellers/Tomkins), these neurotransmitter systems are responsible for expression of emotions, reaction times, and planning and judgment. This central nervous system depressant has the potential to cause many problems not only to the individual using the substance but also to their friends and family members. Through a process called fermentation, alcohol is produced from sugars that go through the action of yeasts. From there, pure alcohol can come in a variety of forms: however, its effects are, for the most part, very similar but slightly different for everyone. Some factors for this fact may be: a person's individual tolerance or experience drinking, body weight, sex, and metabolism rate (that is significantly affected by one's age). These factors determine their BAC, or blood alcohol concentration in one's blood. The higher the BAC, the higher the potential dangers of this drug can be."
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Suitcase Nukes, 2007.
An analysis of the threat of Osama Bin Laden's purchase of small nuclear weapons.
1,310 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses nuclear weapons and how they have been obtained by terrorist organizations. This paper specifically focuses on small, suitcase-sized nuclear weapons and the threat they impose by falling into the wrong hands of terrorist organizations. The paper focuses on Osama Bin Laden and al Qaeda's purchase and use of nuclear weapons. It includes some personal comments by the writer, on the topic.
From the Paper
"America today, puts terrorism as a main concern, and nuclear weapons could wreak the greatest havoc on our country. Author Paul Williams claims Osama bin Laden's al-Qaida terrorist group purchased 20 nuclear weapons in 1998 for $30 million dollars, and 2 tons of heroin (which has a street value of $700 million). These nukes were purchased from former KGB agents (KGB agents are agents who worked under the Russian Committee for State Security). Williams says that this deal is one of three in which al-Qaida has purchased small nuclear weapons, or weapon-grade nuclear uranium."
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Basic Chemistry, 2006.
This paper presents basic definitions of chemical reactions and the differential rate law.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 1 source, $ 26.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that finding adequate definitions for basic chemical reactions can prove difficult for someone who is not well-versed in chemistry. Be that as it may, the following paper pieces together some basic definitions of first and second-order chemical reactions as well as the differential rate law. Along the way, the paper provides a few common examples for the first two of the definitions and also tries to capture the most salient features of each of the concepts outlined above. Ultimately, while this is not an exhaustive review of these items, it does provide a useful starting-point for further research.
From the Paper
"A non-technical definition of a first order reaction is difficult to avoid but, to put it in the simplest terms possible, it is a reaction in which the rate of reaction "is proportional to the concentration of the single substance undergoing change.""
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Cancerous Agents, 2006.
This paper examines and illustrates carcinogenic components of cigarette smoking.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 7 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper is an incomplete presentation of a series of monographs for carcinogens. All carcinogens chosen were chosen based on being carcinogenic components of cigarette smoking. Two Group One carcinogens - Benzene and Radon were chosen, two group two carcinogens - formaldehyde and acrylonitrile were also chosen. Each were discussed in this paper based on chemical use, derivation (natural or synthetic), safety levels, results of acute exposure and results of cumulative exposure.
From the Paper
"The following monograms are all cancerous agents from Group 1, Group 2 and Group 2B carcinogens that result from tobacco smoke ("Tobacco smoke, 1999). Group 1 - Benzene, CAS# 71-43-2 Chemical uses. Benzene is used in many industries as a solvent and chemical additive, ranging from the rubber and oil industries to shoe manufacturers and chemical plants ("Benzene," 2006). Benzene is also a component of many consumer goods, primarily as a solvent, such as glues, art supplies of varying kinds, glues, paint strippers as well as various detergents and other cleaning supplies ("Benzene," 2006). How developed. Benzene is a colorless, highly flammable liquid formed from natural processes such as forest fires and volcanoes ("Benzene," 2006). For over 150 years, however, benzene has been produced commercially from coal and more recently petroleum."
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Cocaine vs Crack, 2006.
A discussion regarding the punishments for users and dealers of crack and cocaine.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how, historically, punishments for convicted users and sellers of the drugs cocaine and crack have differed. Penalties are more severe for those individuals who use crack, although it is merely the solid form of essentially the same drug. These disparate penalties may result from several things. The paper further discusses how the most prevalent of these causes seems to be that of race. The powdered form, cocaine, is more popular among Caucasians. In addition, cocaine appears to be the drug of choice for the middle-class and above. The dangers associated with either cocaine or crack seem to differ greatly.
From the Paper
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Dimensions of the Color White, 2006.
An analysis of the properties of the color white a white light and their significance to science.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 6 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses white as a color and more specifically, white light. The paper describes the qualities of the color white and the multifaceted nature of existence and the way that it relates to significant chemical alterations in nature. The paper goes on to discuss the importance of white light to the scientific understanding of reflective light and the dimensions of other colors.
From the Paper
"Dimensions of the Color White Outline I Introduction. White as a color is not often considered to have many dimensions or properties that are significant to either science or society. While white may carry with it the concept of "purity", the color itself is multifaceted and related to significant chemical alterations in nature. White light has been especially important to scientific understanding of reflective light and the dimensions of other colors. Scientifically white must possess certain chemical compounds in order to exist, and in the field of psychology, white speaks to individuals through subconscious messages about the world they live in."
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Marie Curie, 2006.
This paper reports on a conversation between Marie Curie and Rosalind Franklin.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 0 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that Marie Curie was a Polish-born French scientist. She was a pioneer in many ways. Her work in radiology and chemistry opened the door for a whole new scientific revolution and what we know today as the atomic age. The paper discusses how with her husband Pierre, she discovered two new elements and coined the term radioactive. The paper reveals that she was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize and the only one to win it twice.
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Soil Analysis, 2006.
This paper provides an analysis of soil and studies soil samples.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 2 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
In this essay, the writer points out that soil bacteria control the course of nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus through ecosystems. Soil samples were taken from established sites, which have undergone existing long-term manipulations of temperature, nutrient and light availability. The writer discusses that the soil samples were found to contain bacteria through testing and are being studied to determine whether treatments known to affect plant communities also affect soil microbial biomass, activity, gene expression, and community composition as measured by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms.
From the Paper
"Soil is an intricate and active biological system, and at times it is difficult to determine the composition of microbial communities in soil. Yet, the study requires a wide variety of methods, which includes methods of extracting DNA from soil suitable for PCR amplification to monitor GM rhizobia and extracting mRNA directly from soil to use in gene expression studies. Hydrocarbons seem to be a contaminated factor when isolating the soil samples in determining bacteria characterization. "Bacteria were isolated from contaminated soil with the media indicating several homolog similarities (researched the possibility of several bacteria names through DP database as determined by the program SIMILARITY_RANK (10)"."
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The Analysis of Glass Fragments, 2005.
This text describes the glass analysis relevant in forensic science. The classical approach of glass analysis (measurement of refractive index) proved.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 5 sources, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This text describes the glass analysis relevant to forensic science. The paper examines how the classical approach of glass analysis (measurement of refractive index) proved to be unreliable method for a glass sample manufactured after 1980. The most recent approach uses chemical analysis to determine trace and ultra trace elements in glass. The paper analyzes two modern methods of chemical analysis.
From the Paper
"Glass fragments belong to the group of trace evidence, i.e. very small amounts of material that can link an item on which it was found with an otherwise unconnected source of it elsewhere. The traces of glass are frequently encountered on the crime scene. If the glass breakage occurred, the glass fragments are likely to be found on the objects or persons present at the scene. They can often be easily spotted because they are shiny particles (of course in the case of coloured glass the recognition is easier). Additionally they have irregular shapes hence they tend to remain attached to the material longer than the trace evidence with smooth surfaces."
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