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Streptococcus Mutans, 2008.
An overview of streptococcus mutans and their role in the cause of dental caries and periodontal disease.
2,535 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that streptococcus mutans are the main bacteria that cause dental cavities, which can advance to the gums to form periodontal disease. The paper also explains that dental cavities are caused by streptococcus mutans and lactic acid bacteria, which perform malolactic fermentation on tooth. The paper concludes that, though various drugs are available for this illness, it is better to take precaution to stop the colonization of these bacteria through proper care of the mouth and early diagnose of dental disease.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Information on Streptococcus Mutans
Name
Classification of Streptococcus Mutans
Structure of Streptococcus Mutans
How to identify Streptococcus Mutans
Details of the Disease
Historical Significance
Historical significance of Dental Cavities
Historical Significance of Periodontal Disease
Causes
Causes of Dental Cavities
Causes of Periodontal Disease
Symptoms
Symptoms of Dental Cavities
Symptoms of Periodontal Disease
Treatment
Treatment of Dental Cavities
Treatment of Periodontal Disease
Streptococcus Mutans and its Connection to Dental Cavities and Periodontal Disease
Where Research in the Field may be Going
Emergence of Resistant Strains to the Disease of Dental Cavities and Periodontal Disease
Development of new Drugs for treating Dental Cavities and Periodontal Disease
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The shape of a bacterium is used to determine its name. Since Streptococcus mutans is of a spherical shape, the bacteria were named as coccus. The major genera of Streptococci were named as Streptococcus and Staphylococcus. Another name associated with Streptococci is diplococcoi though a change by a gram negative in its feature would put them in a completely different genus like Neisseria or Branhamella. Streptococci are also found in other forms though the major shapes are in the form of a small comma known as Vibrios and a spiral shape known as Treponema."
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Psychopharmacologic Drug SSRI, 2008.
Examines the negative effects of the psychopharmacologic drug SSRI (e.g. venflaxine) on adolescents.
755 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that antidepressants are a group of psychoactive medications that alleviate the signs and symptoms of mood disorders with a pre-dominantly depressive mood. The paper then explains that an understanding of the major mechanisms of action of these drugs can be best accomplished through understanding the pathogenesis of mood disorders. The paper then relates that, by understanding the mechanism of SSRI (e.g. venflaxine), it is possible theoretically to infer the neurobiological component of the pathogenesis of increased suicidality in depressed adolescents.
From the Paper
"The psychopharmacologic effectiveness of anti-depressants center around one of three mechanisms of action: increasing serotonin and norepinephrine levels through blocking of presynaptic 5-HT and norepinephrine receptors (i.e. interruption of negative feedback for neurotransmitter regulation), blocking of serotonin or norepinephrine reuptake by the presynaptic neuron or inhibition of MAO to interrupt deactivation of these neurotransmitters (Bhalla & Aronson). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) will be discussed in further detail."
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The Origins of Life, 2008.
Looks at the origins of life on earth and the implications for the search for extraterrestrial life.
2,010 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the search for life beyond this planet must be built on a solid understanding of how life managed to emerge on Earth. The author examines the development of extraterrestrial theories about the origins of life by beginning with an examination of previous theories of origin. The paper then presents current research and the empirical basis for current theories with implications for the search for extraterrestrial life. The author also offers some possible avenues of future research and examination, which could help refine the understanding of the origins of life in the universe.
From the Paper
"In fact, the presence of a liquid like water seems to be the only major prerequisite for the development of life. Without a liquid, the complex chemical reactions required for the emergence of life are presumed impossible. But, that's not to say that the liquid in question must be water. Many researchers are exploring the possibility of life developing in more unorthodox liquids, such as methane, ammonia, or even sulfuric acid. Life on earth may have simply developed to take advantage of the very abundant liquid water; water's presence may have only been happenstance."
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Organic Chemistry and Life, 2008.
This paper looks at organic chemistry in relation to the writer's own life.
808 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper examines why organic chemistry is important in the writer's life. Specifically, the paper looks at how organic chemistry can offer tips on how to better treat oneself. Further the paper also offers insight into why human beings act as they do and why the human brain occasionally malfunctions - sometimes with tragic consequences. More than that, the writer looks at what organic chemistry can teach us about the surrounding world - and what it can teach human beings about the past and future.
From the Paper
"Organic Chemistry is important to each and every one of us in the sense that it reveals to students the myriad ways in which chemicals reacting and interacting within the body allow us to perform our daily activities - and shape the kinds of human beings we become. For instance, students need to know all about vitamins C and E and what these elements do within their bodies so that they can know all about why it is vital that certain fruits and vegetables be ingested by them on a daily basis. In my own case, it was not until I came to understand what I was doing to myself on an organic, physiological and biological level when I neglected certain foods that I began to see an improvement in my own health and in my vitality over the course of a long day."
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Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, 2008.
This paper explores lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and the damage it causes to the central nervous system.
1,664 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on the central nervous system and focuses on the body of research about the link between its interaction with serotonin receptors and the onset of hallucinations. The paper discusses how although one receptor in particular is believed to be the key, the lack of research on the subject in general precludes a definitive determination at this time.
From the Paper
"Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) causes hallucinations and detachment from reality. Since neuro psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia present very similar symptoms, these profound if episodic perceptual distortions can be viewed as symptoms of temporary damage to the Central Nervous System. Serotonin receptor activation has long been thought be directly affected by LSD, yet after 30 plus years of research, the precise mechanism by which LSD bonds with which of several serotonin receptors, remains a matter of conjecture."
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Overcoming Impatience in Advanced Chemistry, 2008.
A progress report in which a student discusses how he deals with the obstacle of impatience in his advanced chemistry course.
950 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
In this progress report, a student addresses the importance of learning to have patience with the difficult and time-consuming procedures of an advanced chemistry course. The paper points out that, in chemistry experiments and operations, it takes great lengths of time to separate various chemicals, such as acids and other various bonding agents and solvents. The paper recounts the student's attempt to speed up one such process, only to realize he had ruined it. Through this error, he realized that he had not been patient enough to effectively see the bonding procedure to its conclusion. The paper concludes with a list of helpful future strategies for dealing with impatience.
From the Paper
"After the class, my professor asked me to have a meeting about the project. Although she was annoyed at the failure of my actions, she was extremely open to solutions to the problem. I had not even realized that I had rushed the project at first, but she had quickly understood what had gone wrong. Our discussion lasted for nearly an hour, and we both came to the conclusion that there needed to be exercises for me to solve my problem with patience. Although I had clearly understood how to accomplish the projects in class, there was another dimension of chemistry, which I needed to learn. The professor was telling me that chemistry was more than just tables, procedures and memorization, but had more to do with learning to manage one's time in an efficient manner. This discussion awakened me to the realization that I had to learn to properly evaluate my time, especially at this advanced stage of chemical studies."
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Classroom Safety, 2007.
An analysis of the importance of safety standards and procedures for elementary school science classes.
2,143 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses what procedures and plans should be known to every elementary science school teacher. In particular, the paper looks at how teachers should "pre-plan" activities and why it is vital that the guidelines for classroom deportment be set down from the very beginning and rigorously maintained. The paper then discusses what safety protocols teachers should have in place when dealing with potentially hazardous chemicals, flammable elements and animals. The paper also briefly examines why it is essential that science teachers understand the limitations of the facilities within which they work.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
What Every Elementary Science Teacher Should Know
From the Paper
"The matters of shoddy ventilation or over-crowding lead into a discussion of emergency procedures. Understandably, these should be brought to the attention of students prior to any science activity being performed. Beyond that, some emergency procedures appear to be more important - or more likely - than others. For instance, the Committee on Chemical Safety of the American Chemical Society (2001) reveals that emergency procedures should be put in place for emergency first aid, for poisoning, for burns, for evacuations, for chemical spills, and for animal bites. The same body also takes the position that experiments should be evaluated before-hand so that possible plans for potential contingencies can be arranged. Likewise, teachers who expect to be using Bunsen burners or chemicals which could be dangerous (especially if ingested by students) must have in place procedures for expeditiously contacting authorities in the event of an emergency (Committee on Chemical Safety of the American Chemical Society, 2001). All in all, it is hard to escape the conclusion that classroom safety begins with provisional plans being drawn up long before the first experiment is drawn up on a chalkboard or in a lesson plan."
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Superfoods, 2007.
This paper discusses the superior antioxidant effects of superfoods named mangosteen, acai and goji.
2,970 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 24 sources, APA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the various phytonutrients and their structures contained in the mangosteen, acai and goji berry. Following this, a detailed discussion is provided on how these various phytonutrients can be applied to health issues ranging from cardiovascular disorders to cancer.
Table of Contents:
Definition of Free-Radical/Oxidation and Antioxidant
Phytonutrient Examination
Mangosteen
Acai
Goji
How Antioxidants Work in Relation to Illness
Anti-Aging
Skin Disorders and Allergies
Immune System
Cancer
Cardiovascular
Diabetes
Weight Control
Cholesterol
Synergy
From the Paper
"The primary antioxidants contained in mangosteen are referred to as xanthone that Rothstein (2006) claims are a new classification of antioxidants. Templeman (2003) describes them as stable "six carbon conjugated ring structures" that can be transported from cell to cell and bind to other xanthones. There are over 200 xanthones in nature, with over 37 having been identified within the mangosteen rind alone. Each xanthone has its own specific purpose. For example, gamma mangostin has anti-inflammatory properties and Garcinone E carries anti-tumor properties."
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Transforming Growth Factor (TGFa) Signaling Pathway, 2007.
This paper is an article review of the research by Z. Xaio, X. Liu, YI Henis, and HF Lodish entitled 'A Distinct Nuclear Localization Signal in the N Terminus of Smad 3 Determines Its Ligand-Induced Nuclear Translocation'.
850 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that transforming growth factor TGFa is one member of a large family of proteins that are secreted from different types of cells and regulate growth, differentiation and development. The author points out that the binding of TGFa to its receptor on target cells initiates a series of events that result in changes in gene transcription of specific genes. The paper describes the reported experiment and concludes that its results provide added information to the current knowledge base on Smads, Growth Factor - signaling and the translocation process.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Aim of the Research Study
Experiments Performed
Results
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Xaio et al. (2000) performed their experiments on Smad 3 and Smad 4 protein structures that they cloned in a laboratory. This was the beginning of a long chain of events that allowed for assessing the reaction of the proteins before and after transaction . A group of control/stable cell lines was also used to transect the various GFP Smad proteins and constructs. Smad3 and Smad 4 proteins were also exposed to site-directed mutagenesis in order to mimic Smad 4's variation of Lys to Glu. Florescent microscopy was utilized to photograph the cells throughout the process before and after transaction."
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Beer-Making, 2007.
This paper describes the history and complexity of beer-making.
1,420 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that beer-making, which is a complex process involving the conversion of grains into usable sugars and requiring much skill and patience, has not changed fundamentally in centuries. The author points out that some people believe that beer-making originated about 10,000 years ago in Africa and was apparently made then, as it is now, from cereal grains. The paper relates that beer-making is captive to a sequential process, including a variety of essential ingredients, which must be closely adhered to if it is to achieve its full potential, at least in the eyes and palates of beer connoisseurs.
From the Paper
"For their part, hops and yeast also play key roles in the creation of commendable beer. To wit, the former is a "twining vine" that grows in the summer months and is commonly eaten as a vegetable with the leaves "blanched" and used a soup. But most of all, hops serve to add "bitterness and aroma" to a beer - even if they are considered an integral part of every brewing operation. Finally, yeast is another significant ingredient in the "typical" beer and it serves to convert fermentable sugars into alcohol - and into beer flavors."
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