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DNA Identification of Mass Fatalities, 2008.
A look at the importance of DNA analysis, particularly after mass fatalities occur.
4,910 words (approx. 19.6 pages), 18 sources, APA, $ 124.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how DNA analysis is carried out and its importance in certain circumstances. It particularly deals with the trauma of 9/11 and explains the advantages that DNA had over other identification methods in such a scenario. The author has included references to several studies that have been carried out as well as a diagram depicting human chromosomes and other tables of interest.
Outline:
Introduction
The aftermath of the terrorist attack on the Twin Towers
How important is DNA evidence in this case?
Will everyone get identified?
Restrictions on how DNA evidence can be used
Fragment sizes
Decomposing DNA
How does the analysis get proper resource and funding?
DNA management
Source of DNA samples
Using Identification Number on the site
Storing into the database
How DNA analysis (methods) can be utilized in making identification
DNA Extraction
DNA amplification and analysis (PCR)
Mitochondrial DNA
Single nucleotide polymorphism
Short Tandem Repeat analysis
Identifying victims
Probability ratio in linking to the victims
Linking victims using relatives and family member's DNA
Limitation of modern technology
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"The deaths of thousands of innocent people can traumatize an entire nation, and this was the case on September 11, 2001 when terrorists attacked the World Trade Center and Pentagon. According to Gonzalez, Schofield and Schmitt (2006), "On September 11, 2001, 2,792 people were killed in terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center (WTC) in New York City. The number of victims, the condition of their remains, and the duration of the recovery effort made the identification of the victims the most difficult ever undertaken by the forensic community in this country" (p. 3). The use of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as a means of providing virtually positive identification of victims of mass disasters is of fairly recent origin having been introduced about 50 years ago, but the impetus is on to use these techniques for a wider range of forensic applications. For example, during the 1990s, a number of states began to develop DNA identification programs, and in 1993, the FBI implemented CODIS, a national program designed to (a) support federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies in their creation of a population statistical database; (b) improve DNA forensic analysis methods; and (c) to serve humanitarian purposes such as the identification of missing persons or the human remains from mass disasters (Lyon, 2002). The FBI in particular favored the development of the CODIS application based on its "productivity and efficiency," but former director of the FBI crime laboratory John Hicks described the computer databank as "nothing more than an information management and screening tool" (Hoeffel, 1990, p. 527). The former director also indicated, though, that he expected that the initiative would ". . . save time and effort, and courts will have fewer cases to process because investigations can be better focused and coordinated" (FBI, 1991, p. 37). The CODIS application links the DNA profiles of convicts gathered by scattered state law enforcement DNA labs, encourages uniform standards, and pools DNA data to facilitate identification of criminals across borders (Lyon, 2002). The thirteen DNA sites used in the CODIS database are illustrated in Figure 1 below."
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Robert Feulgen, 2008.
An overview of the life and scientific achievements of Robert Feulgen.
921 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
The paper outlines the background of Robert Feulgen and discusses how he initiated the discovery of the importance of DNA. The paper also explains his staining technique known as the Feulgen reaction. The paper reveals that it has not been until quite recently that science has come to value the importance of his work.
From the Paper
"Joachim Wilhelm Robert Feulgen, was born in Werden (or Essen-Werden), Germany on September 2, 1884. His father owned a factory yet his upbringing was working class and unremarkable, except for the fact that he was an extraordinary student. This may have been due to the loss his father at the age of nine while Feulgen was attending primary school in Werden. The circumstances of his father's death are unknown. However, his academic abilities garnered him a scholarship to attend the University of Freiburg at Breisgau in 1905. He then pursued a medical residency in the City Hospital of Kiel."
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Non-Human Species and Learning, 2008.
A look at two studies by Haque, et.al. and J.F.Briggs, K.I. Fitz and D.C. Riccio that used rats to gain knowledge pertaining to learning processes.
1,304 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
The paper examines research by Haque, et. al. that used rats to better understand how to ward off the effects of aging on the brain, and research by Briggs, Fitz and Riccio that gauged information loss in conditioned learning when contexts change. The paper describes these studies and relates that both studies could have long-term implications for helping academicians understand how to enhance learning in human and non-human species.
Outline:
Green Tea and Learning
Memory Retrieval and Context in Rats
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Non-human species are frequently the subject of academic research designed to ascertain a better understanding of learning, intelligence and educational processes. The use of rats, which are inexpensive, reproduce quickly, have mild temperaments and are prone to conditioning, is particularly common (Humane Society, 2007). Two recent studies by Haque, et.al. (2006) and Briggs, Fitz and Riccio (2007) used rats to gain knowledge pertaining to learning processes and how learning can be impaired."
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Astrocytic Tumors, 2008.
A discussion of astrocytic brain tumors and their treatments.
2,676 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
The paper offers a brief overview of astrocytoma and explains the condition, it's pathogenesis, the various classifications, the diagnosis and the possible treatment methods. The paper shows how we are still a long way from providing complete relief for all the different types of astrocytomas.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
The Glial Cells
Tumor Grades
Pathogenesis
Symptoms and Diagnosis
Biomarker for Astrocytoma
Treatment
Chemotherapy
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Brain tumor is one of the most lethal forms of cancers with more than 13,000 deaths every year in the United States. Though we are still a long way from developing medical interventions that promise total recovery, advancements in the diagnostic methods such as MRS, ultrasonic aspiration and in surgical procedures such as intraoperative neuronavigation, Gamma Knife radiosurgery, etc, have improved the precision for the surgeon and outcome for the patient to a significant extent. It is hoped that our increasing understanding of the molecular pathology of the disease propelled by the huge amount of research devoted to the field would lead to developing a successful treatment plan for astrocytoma and all other forms of brain tumors in the near future."
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Eugenics, 2008.
An examination of the history and current practice of eugenics.
988 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the philosophy and practice of eugenics. It describes how eugenics is used today and the historical role that it has played in immigration. The paper looks at the differences between positive and negative eugenics and discusses the ethical considerations that need to be taken into account when discussing the practice of eugenics.
Table of Contents:
Overview of Eugenics
Eugenics Today
Eugenics and Immigration
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Even in modern culture, eugenics continues to play a role in immigration. For example, the story depicted in Dirty Pretty Things tells of two immigrants living in London who are forced to engage in sexual acts and the harvesting of their own body parts in order to remain in the country illegally. Although this may not seem like eugenics at the forefront, at its most basic level it is still a result of eugenics. For instance, if the national government did not place strict limitations on immigrants from Africa and Muslim countries (the locales of the movie's main characters) they would not have to live in London illegally. If they were not living in London illegally, then they would not have to subject themselves to such inhumane treatment as forced sex and organ harvesting. Thus, the effects of modern-day eugenics extend well beyond just limiting who can and cannot come to a country. (Frears, 2002)."
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Shortleaf Pine and Fire, 2008.
A discussion of the effects of wildland and prescribed fire on the shortleaf pine species.
2,549 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the effects of wildland and prescribed fire on the ecosystems of eastern and midwestern forests in the US. The paper discusses three detrimental effects of fire on an ecological system in general and then focuses on the shortleaf pine species and explains how the shortleaf pine actually benefits from both wildland and prescribed fire in a number of ways. The paper does note, however, that caution is needed to ensure that prescribed fires are performed properly. The paper includes a map and a table.
From the Paper
"First, it is important to understand what makes up the shortleaf pine species. The shortleaf pine, scientifically named Pinus echinata, is a member of the Pinaceae family of trees. It is the most common of the southern yellow pines, with an average height between 70 and 100 feet. The trunk, on average, is between one and a half and three feet. It is considered one of the larger pines, and has a broad, open crown. The needles of the species are slender and flexible, and vary from dark blue to light green in color. They are often between two and four inches in length, with two or three in each needle bundle. The cones of the shortleaf pine are long and egg-shaped, dull brown in color, and vary from one and one half to three inches in length. The cones remain attached following maturity, but do open at that time to reveal thin, keeled scales with small prickles (Farjon, 2001)."
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Cnidarians' Defenses, 2008.
This paper explores cnidarians' stings and how they are utilized as a defense.
1,550 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the four main groups of cnidarians and their characteristics. The paper focuses on their sting, the danger they pose to humans and the treatment needed for their stings. The paper then discusses how human occupation of coral islands tends to destroy coral reefs, which grow in all the world's oceans. The paper includes a huge amount of source material complete with drawings and photographs.
From the Paper
"Cnidarians are made up of several groups that sometimes are divided into four and sometimes into six categories. Most agree, however, that Anthozoa (corals), Scyphozoa (jellyfish), Cubozoa (box jellies), Hydrozoa (medusae, siphonophores, hydroids, fire corals) and Scyphozoa (true jellyfish) make up the four main groups. Staurozoa (stalked jellyfish) and Polypodiozoa (a single specie: Polypodium hydriforme Ussow, 1885 - a parasite) may be added to the previous four. Their name comes from the Greek word "cnidos," meaning stinging nettle. Cubuozoa jellyfish have also been called "sea wasps.""
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Global Warming and Polar Bears, 2008.
An examination of how global warming and increased human contact are affecting the polar bear population.
2,787 words (approx. 11.1 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how global warming is threatening the polar bear population. It describes the historical threat of humans to polar bears and how global warming is forcing some polar bear populations to move south and inland in their search for more ample food supplies and therefore into contact with humans. The paper briefly looks at possible solutions to the problem.
Table of Contents:
How Global Warming is Threatening Polar Bears
The Historic Human Threat
Global Warming: Humans vs. Polar Bears
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Protecting the polar bear from the direct and indirect threats posed by global warming is going to require a multi-national effort. First, the nations of the world, particularly those with a stake in protecting polar bears, must become more serious about global warming. For example, the United States can sign and adhere to the Kyoto Protocol, which calls for the reduction of harmful greenhouse gases, among other measures. A decade after this landmark agreement was first struck, the U.S. is still not a signatory, even though it only calls for a 5 percent reduction in emissions by industrialized nations (Hillman, et.al., 168). The U.S. is also the world's largest producer of carbon emissions, as the average American's carbon contribution is five time the world average (Hillman, et.al., 35)."
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Collagen Diseases, 2008.
This paper looks at mutations in type I collagen that leads to osteogenesis imperfecta (OI).
1,119 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), which is commonly known as "brittle bone" disease and is due to defects in type I collagen genes. The paper explains the molecular structure of collagen and its mutations and discusses the causes of this abnormality.
From the Paper
"As the most abundant group of proteins found in vertebrates, collagen contains insoluble fibers with great tensile strength and is present in connective tissues such as bone, teeth, tendons, ligament, cartilage and the fibrous matrices of skin and blood vessels. Materially, it is a left- handed triple helix with three polypeptide chains or residues per turn. In mammals, there is a variety of collagen in different tissues within the same individual. The composition of collagen is largely glycine (Gly), proline (Pro) and 4-hydroxyproline (Hyp) with smaller quantities of 3-hydroxyproline and 5-hydroxylsyl (Hyl) (Smith, 1983)."
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A Day in the Life of Clonorchis Sinensis, 2008.
This paper contains a creative account of the life of clonorchis sinensis, the Chinese liver fluke.
2,308 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
The paper focuses on the Chinese liver fluke that is an extremely common worm parasite that lives in the body of its host, often humans. The paper writes from the perspective of this worm, in a first person account, about its prevalence, its significance to humans, its food sources and its methods of reproduction.
From the Paper
"Ah, it's another beautiful day in my neighborhood! How do I know? I don't have eyes, but I don't need them here, nestled in the bile ducts of my human host. All I need is right here with me, lots of tissue to feed on, like membranes and blood cells, and plenty of water to help me create my eggs. Ah, life is good when you're a clonorchis sinensis, or Chinese Liver Fluke, because you're incognito, no one knows you're home, and you have everything you need to survive! I can live right here for eight, and sometimes up to twenty years (if my human lives that long, but more on that later), you know, without my host ever figuring out I'm here, what could be better than that? So, how did I end up here, in this Asian adult host, living the free and easy life of a fluke? Well, it's a long story."
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