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Smilodons, 2007.
An analysis of the habits and hunting practices of the smilodon.
2,914 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper studies the habits of the smilodon, which was one of the most interesting predators of the Pleistocene era. It analyzes findings of of smilodon fossils and discusses how the findings have changed many of the ideas about the smilodon. It also discusses the social versus solitary natures of the animals and their hunting practices.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
What We Know About Smilodon
Social or Solitary
Genetics and DNA
How the Smilodon Attacked
Conclusion
From the Paper
"When stalking its prey, the smilodon often injured itself and pulled soft tissues. The scars of these tissues bear the scars of these injuries. According to Rosie and Winters, the most common position for the body of a smilodon to be in when it attacked was feet forward in a lunge. This would suggest that smilodon would spring onto its prey. This theory was derived from data obtained by counting the number and location of injuries in the fossil record. It might be noted that when one compared the injuries of smilodon to canine species, there were fewer injuries from being kicked in the head. This would indicate that canine species attacked by lunging at the throat or hind quarters, whereas the smilodon landed on top of the animal's back and tried to bowl it over."
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Umbilical Stem Cells, 2007.
This paper looks at the use of umbilical cords as a source for stem cell research.
1,100 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer notes that stem cells have received much attention because of their unique capacity to renew themselves and morph into several different types of specialized cells. The writer also points out that the practice of harvesting stem cells from aborted fetuses has received much criticism from conservative groups, prompting President Bush to halt federal funding for stem cell research. This paper argues that there is a way to accommodate ethical concerns, while reaping the benefits of stem cell research. The writer maintains that umbilical cords are a viable source of stem cells, and do not raise the same ethical issues as harvesting from fetuses. The writer argues, therefore, that parents should be strongly encouraged to donate their newborns' umbilical cords to public and private banks, to provide scientists with a source of stem cells for their life-saving research.
From the Paper
"Already, umbilical cord stem cells are proving remarkably promising in the treatment of diseases. Researchers have already identified some 67 afflictions that have been successfully treated with cord blood stem cells, and more illnesses are being added to that list. Researchers at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, for example, have released a study regarding the use of cord blood stem cells in the treatment of Krabbe's Disease, a fatal disorder of the central nervous system. Babies born with this hereditary disease suffer seizures, blindness, deafness and feeding problems before death at around age two. However, the researchers found that infusing newborns at birth with the cord blood stem cells from an unrelated donor are still alive well past their second birthday. Though some of the children show problems walking, the majority score normally on cognitive development tests and all the children exhibit normal vision."
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Marine Pollution, 2006.
An in-depth look at the serious issue of marine pollution.
2,336 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses marine pollution. According to the paper, the ocean plays a critical role in sustaining life on this planet. The paper discusses how economic and social prosperity will be useless if the coastal and marine environments are sacrificed, abused or neglected in the process of development. The paper goes on to discuss the serious environmental issues pertaining to marine pollution facing us today.
From the Paper
"The accidental wreck of a 20-tanker, 987-foot ship of Exxon Valdez in Bligh Reef led to the rupturing of eight of its 11 cargo tanks and the spilling of 10.8 million gallons of crude oil into Prince William Sound in March 1989 (US Congress 1960). Although no lives were lost, the accident was an immense disaster to fisheries, subsistence livelihoods, tourism and wildlife. Most important was the awareness that the sanctity of the Alaskan waters was most outrageously ravaged. In response, US Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which established measures in preparing for and preventing spills for the implementation and enforcement of the US Coast Guard. It requires transporters of oil and production facilities to develop and implement response plans, participate in preparedness drills and maintain safe shipping and handling practices (Earle 1995). MARPOL began to control the operations and passage of new oil tankers, the carrying of noxious liquids in bulk, the control of sewage and other "grey water" and garbage, including plastics, metal, glass, galley wastes and other materials (Earle, US Congress)."
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Sensory Systems, 2006.
A review of our body's visual sensory system.
1,608 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 6 sources, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the functioning of our visual sensory system. According to the paper, the systems involved in visual processing are constantly being bombarded with various stimuli. The paper goes on to discuss how several factors influence the process of visual information, including visual masking, spatial location and color of stimuli, the manner in which stimuli are grouped, as well as expectation of the presentation of visual stimuli.
From the Paper
"The actual pathways on which spatial information and feature information, such as color, travel from the eye to the brain may be separate but parallel (Grabbe & Pratt, 2004). This would mean that there is a fundamental anatomical and functional difference in the way these types of information are processes. Furthermore, "selection happens by differential activation (excitation, inhibition, or both), of certain representations (not necessarily location representations) (Grabbe & Pratt, 2004)". What are the specific anatomical areas responsible for spatial and nonspatial information? Spatial information is routed into posterior parietal areas, while nonspatial information is directed into inferior temporal cortical areas."
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Fat Intake, 2007.
An analysis of the benefits of fats for the body and the risks of high levels of fat ingestion.
1,057 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses fat intake and people's concerns over ingesting high levels of fat. It begins by describing the importance of fats for normal body functioning. It then goes on to describe the risks of taking too many trans fats, saturated fats and cholesterol into the body. The paper concludes with a letter to a college cafeteria regarding the health content of the food they provide.
From the Paper
"According to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health, more than 12.5 million Americans have CHD, and more than 500,000 die from it each year. This makes CHD one of the leading causes of death in the U.S. The DRI committee recommends that no more than 30 - 35 percent of calories should come from fat. The percentage may vary with the total calories. For example, a person who needs 2,000 calories per day, the recommended intake of saturated fat is 20 grams or less per day, and the recommended intake of total fat is 65 grams. To alert people about the importance of fat intake, the FDA has required saturated fat and dietary cholesterol to be listed on food labels since 1993, and, on January 1, 2006, the FDA began requiring the addition of trans fat on labels."
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Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis, 2007.
This paper discusses osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, the two most common types of arthritis.
1,294 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss, and analyze the disease of arthritis. Specifically, the paper discusses the differences between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, and their commonalities. The writer notes that, although there are many types of arthritis, these two are the most common. Both of these forms of arthritis can be debilitating and painful. The writer points out that they can also lead to other complications, such as surgery and continued medication for pain. Arthritis is serious because it cannot be cured, only treated, and because it affects so many Americans and their daily lives. The writer concludes that arthritis should be a top research priority in America, because curing or preventing the disease could make a real difference in so many people's lives. One of the source articles used is appended to the paper.
From the Paper
"The symptoms of the disease include stiffness after remaining in one position for a long time (such as sitting or sleeping), a sound of bone rubbing on bone or crunching when the bone is used, swelling or pain in the joint, and tenderness in the joint. Anti-inflammatory drugs, along with mild exercise and even re-alignment of misaligned joints, can treat osteoarthritis. Topical treatments, such as creams and hot and cold packs can also be effective in many cases. X-rays are the most common way to confirm a diagnosis of osteoarthritis, but a doctor may order joint aspiration in cases that are more difficult to diagnose. Often, the most effective treatment for this form of arthritis is surgery to replace the damaged joints. It is the most common reason most Americans undergo hip and knee surgery, and most patients report success and far less pain in those joints after surgery."
"Rheumatoid arthritis does not have as many sufferers as osteoarthritis, and it has different symptoms and treatments. This form of the disease can actually affect other areas of the body, such as the blood supply and lungs, and it is actually causes by inflammation of the joint lining, which causes loss of movement, pain, and swelling."
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Stem Cell Research, 2007.
This paper explores the controversial issue of stem cell research.
2,226 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the writer discusses that stem cell research is one of the most exciting fields of biology today and yet as it generates new discoveries, it also raises many questions. The writer points out that stem cell research has the potential of developing treatment for some of the most serious medical conditions, such as cancer, spinal cord injuries, and birth defects. Further, the writer notes that while some oppose any type of stem cell research, others oppose only the use of embryonic stem cells but support stem cells derived from adults (such as from bone marrow), from umbilical cords, and from animals. The writer concludes that experts emphasize the need for adequate federal and international uniformity concerning the regulation of embryonic stem cell research to avoid potential abuse.
From the Paper
"Although there are a number of sources for stem cells, each varies in terms of their versatility and usefulness. They can be derived from embryos, fetal tissue, umbilical cord blood, and adult tissue. Fetal stem cells are derived from aborted or stillborn fetal tissue. Embryonic stem cells can come from excess embryos created in fertility clinics for in vitro fertilization, from embryos created specifically for the purpose of research, or from embryos created via somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Using SCNT, the nucleus is removed from a donated egg, replaced with the nucleus from a somatic cell, and then induced to divide into an embryo; this process could reduce rejection problems associated with transplantation of stem cells because the replacement nucleus comes from the individual to who the stem cells are given. Generally, embryonic and fetal stem cells are pluripotent and offer the greatest potential, whereas stem cells that come from umbilical cord blood or adult tissues are mainly multipotent or unipotent."
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Patent Law & Genetic Medicine, 2006.
A discussion on how legal issues in patent law shape ethical decisions in human stem cell research.
4,186 words (approx. 16.7 pages), 20 sources, MLA, $ 111.95
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Abstract
This work examines the issue of human stem cell research from the view of the medical profession with an eye on funding, the public perspective and legislation affecting research of the human genome. Specifically this work explores the patenting process, whether patenting the human genome is plausible, and what consequences might exist in these patents. The paper notes the veritable quietness of the legal community at large in relation to this medical research issue.
Outline:
Abstract
Objective
Terms & Definitions of Study
Introduction
I. Implications of Diamond v. Chakrabarty (1980)
II. Implications of Later Cases
III. Free Market System Impacts
IV. What Ways Do Patents Objectify Human Dignity?
V. Is there a 'just' way of thinking about intellectual property law?
VI. Rights - Technological
VII. Ethics of Patenting the Technique for Human Stem Cell Lines
Summary & Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"In review of the patent laws in the United States, the U.S. Patent laws provides that the patent begin on the date that the patent is issued and ends 20 years later on the same date however, in special circumstances that date might be different and patents are considered for extensions as well. In order for issuance of a patent the invention must be a process that is both 'new' and 'useful' and must be a 'process, machine, manufacture or composition of matter' furthermore the invention must bee the standards of 'utility, novelty and non-obviousness' and must be something that is not in use publicly, not in written form or known to others in the same field of study."
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Genetic Engineering, 2007.
An analysis of the potential benefits of using genetic engineering to improve quality of life.
1,805 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that genetic engineering should be permitted in certain cases. The paper discusses some of the reasons for the resistance to any kind of genetic engineering. The paper then presents a case of a four year old girl who became the first patient to receive gene therapy and describes the resulting improvement in her and her parents' quality of life. The paper uses this case to discuss the potential benefits of using gene therapy.
From the Paper
"Furthermore, focusing research efforts and publicity on non-life saving genetic modifications, perhaps most damningly, has proved to be a powerful distraction from the real, life-saving potential of innovations in the technology. Because of fears of cloning, or building a super race, research into the abuse of some of the potentially life-sustaining ways genetic engineering can be used has come under question. To end such potential abuses, scientists conducting research into this technology should set voluntary ethical guidelines for themselves. There is certainly a precedent for this within the field of medicine, that of the Hippocratic oath. Scientists dealing with the dangers and the benefits of modifying the genetic code should construct a similar oath for themselves, before the less knowledgeable governing bodies of the nations of the world attempt to do it for them, and limit all genetic engineering research out of fear."
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Turner Syndrome, 2007.
This paper discusses Turner Syndrome, a disorder characterized by short stature and slow growth among girls.
2,445 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer relates that, in 1938, Dr. Henry Turner acknowledged the pattern of short stature and inadequate sexual maturation in other than normal females. The writer explains that this pattern has been accorded the name of Turner Syndrome after the name of Dr. Turner. The writer points out that girls suffering from Turner Syndrome normally are short in height and notes that the presence of Turner Syndrome inhibits proper development of the ovaries, thereby adversely influencing the sexual development of the girl. The writer also looks at ailments and disabilities connected to Turner Syndrome. The writer concludes that organizations and associations strive to assist individuals with growth related disorders, their families and health care professionals in terms of extensive research and advocacy.
From the Paper
"The short stature and slow growth of a child is determined by many factors that includes, hereditary elements, ailments calling upon kidneys, heart, lungs or intestines, hormone imbalances, severe stress or emotional deprivation, infection in the womb prior to birth, bone ailments, and genetic or chromosomal abnormalities. During 1938, Dr. Henry Turner acknowledged the pattern of short stature and inadequate sexual maturation in other than normal females. This has been accorded the name of Turner Syndrome after the name of Dr. Turner. A Syndrome is typically found to have a combination of features mostly noticed in combination with the others and believed to result from the same cause."
"The researchers have not found out yet as to exactly what causes Turner Syndrome, but they have been confirmed that those are the result of the missing X chromosomes. The effect of the Turner Syndrome varies among the girls in consonance with the influence of such variation of the X chromosomes on the body cells. Girls suffering from Turner Syndrome normally are short in height mostly attaining the average height of about 4 feet 7 inches."
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