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The Luminescence of Fireflies, 2007.
This paper explores the physiology of bioluminescence in fireflies.
1,182 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses fireflies, soft-bodied insects who inhabit temperate and tropical environments. The paper describes their characteristics, how they produce light and how this bioluminescence has an important role in the male beetles.
From the Paper
"Fireflies are soft-bodied insects inhabiting temperate and tropical environments. They belong to the Lampyridae family. Today more than 2000 species of fireflies have been described. The elytra, or shard, on fireflies is more leathery than on other species of beetles. The size of fireflies is small to medium and there are different coloured species in existence. Fireflies' larvae can usually be found in wooded areas and around ponds, marshes or other bodies of water."
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Ecofeminism, 2007.
This paper discusses the ecofeminist theory that combines ecology with feminism.
1,910 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
The paper explores the origins of ecofeminism and discusses the three main aspects of the modern ecofemnist movement; philosophy, political activism and spirituality. The paper discusses how ecofeminism believes that the domination and oppression of women by men is directly related to the mistreatment of the environment. The paper explains ecofeminists' claims that women are suffering more from the adverse impacts of environmental degradation compared to men. The paper shows how ecofeminists attempt to force the international communities to include gender as a perspective for sustainable policy making.
From the Paper
"Ecofeminism is a political and philosophical movement that symbolizes the union of the radical ecology, or what has been called deep ecology, and feminism. "The term ecofeminism was coined by French theorist Francoise d'Eaubonne in 1972, who developed the "Ecologie-Feminisme" group, arguing that the destruction of the environment is due to the profit motif inherent in male power" (Ruether, 2005, p.91). Ecofeminism today has expanded to include the belief that there is a direct connection between the oppression of women, the oppression of 'the others' (through racism, class-ism, ethnic and religious intolerance etc.) and the domination and oppression of nature. Kirk, (2006), points out "how gender, race, class, imperialism and the global capitalist economy are connected to ecological destruction" (p.502). This oppression is twofold: it is ideological-cultural and it is socio-economic. The goal of ecofeminists is to eliminate this oppression and to change the conceptual framework, which is responsible for creating a world in which differences lead to domination."
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Argument against Cloning, 2007.
This paper looks at the issue of stem cell research and provides an argument against cloning.
3,153 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that ever since Dolly the sheep was cloned in 1996, cloning has been a controversial issue in contemporary medical ethics and biomedical research. The writer notes that cloning has many advocates, as it seems to offer the prospect of cures for diseases and illnesses that are currently incurable. However, the writer points out that it also has vociferous opponents, many of whom believe that scientists have no business interfering with sacred human life processes and beliefs. The writer maintains that the media furor generated by this admission highlights the importance of this issue. Moreover, the writer discusses that there is the ongoing problem that few scientific successes have been achieved in cloning. It remains unknown whether cloning will be utilized to cure diseases in our lifetime. This essay attempts to find the facts beneath the sensationalism, and argues that cloning is undesirable.
Outline:
Introduction
Background Information
Therapeutic Cloning
Reproductive Cloning
Benefits of Cloning
The Potential Benefits of Therapeutic Cloning
Limitations of Therapeutic Cloning
Limitations of Reproductive Cloning
The Arguments against Cloning
Arguments against Therapeutic Cloning
Arguments against Reproductive Cloning
Conclusion
From the Paper
"As mentioned above, the first reported successful clone was that of Dolly the sheep. This was an example of reproductive cloning, in which an embryo is created in order to grow it into a replica of the creature from which it is cloned. This is the most controversial application, as it involves creating life - and potentially, even creating human life. The process is the same as the beginning stages of therapeutic cloning, described above. However, instead of killing the embryo by harvesting stem cells, scientists allow it to continue growing, and then implant it into a womb. In the rare cases when this is successful, the embryo then grows to term and is born - an exact, new-born copy of the donor from whom the nucleus was taken."
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Brains and Sex Differences, 2007.
This article analyzes the article "The Difference" by Ann Moir and David Jessel, that argues that there are differences between the brains of women and men.
1,457 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
In this essay, the writer provides a critique of Ann Moir and David Jessel's article, which is provocatively entitled "The Differences". The writer notes that the differences to which these two authors allude are the differences that they claim exist between women's and men's brains. The writer points out that according to Moir and Jessel, it is an irrefutable scientific fact that women's and men's brains differ substantially, and moreover that this is reflected in their vastly different aptitudes, interests and abilities. The writer discusses that the authors take issue with what they clearly see as a politically correct vogue of denying that such differences exist, and urge readers to simply accept the differences as a fact of biology. The writer maintains that in so doing, they implicitly attempt to negate much of the work done by feminists to date, and arguably contribute to the backlash against feminism.
From the Paper
"In addition, given the misogyny that lurks just below the surface of this article, it is hard to believe that the authors did not have the deliberate intent of countering the feminist movement. The misogyny is evidenced for example by the fact that Gustave Le Bon's statement that many women's brains are closer in size to those of gorillas than those of men is quoted without censure, indeed, with tacit approval, as the authors then immediately go on to imply that we are in a devastating social revolution due to the fact that women are stupidly refusing to accept their inferiority. And the fact that one of the authors is a woman should not distract us from the charge of misogyny - sadly, the ranks of women also have their share of Uncle Tom's."
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HAART Effects on HIV, 2007.
This paper looks at how effective highly active antriretroviral therapy (HAART) is for HIV positive patients and what factors modify its effectiveness.
1,644 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer first explains that HAART refers to highly active antiretroviral therapy. The writer then points out that antiretroviral medications are used for the treatment of infection by viruses such as HIV. The writer notes that HAART is comprised of a combination of several antiretroviral drugs. Since 1990, new antiretroviral nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors have been used in combination with protease inhibitors and non-nucleosides. The writer discusses that the effectiveness of HAART has been tested in a number of ways, however, its effectiveness depends on demographic and health factors. The writer maintains that the issue of HAART is relevant to nursing since it involves the well being and effective treatment of HIV+ patients. The writer finds this relevant because many patients today are HIV+, even though they may not be aware of their status and enter treatment for other reasons. Using literary sources, the writer examines the effectiveness of HAART for HIV+ patients and what modifies its effectiveness.
Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
Critique
Implications for Nursing and Conclusion
From the Paper
"The purpose of Chu, Gange, and Anastos' study was to determine if hormonal contraceptive use played a part in the effectiveness of HAART. This comparative study used 77 hormonal contraceptive users and 77 nonusers. The design was a prospective cohort study since the sample was based on the larger group used by Gange, et al. The same methods were used as in the earlier study. The main finding was that HIV-infected hormonal contraceptive users and nonusers did not differ significantly in their immunologic and virologic responses to HAART. From the study, it was concluded that there was insufficient evidence that using hormonal contraceptives significantly changed the effectiveness of HAART."
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In Vitro Translation, 2007.
This paper explores the procedure of in-vitro translation.
1,189 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that procedures such as in-vitro translation are based upon the recognition that cells are protein-production facilities. Consequently, when medical researchers consider it necessary to make a particular protein, they can rely upon cells to produce that protein for them. The paper discusses the strengths and weaknesses of this method. The paper then discusses how molecular biologists consider in vitro synthesis of proteins in cell-free extracts to be an important method, for it offers a variety of applications.
From the Paper
"Procedures such as in-vitro translation are based upon the recognition that cells are protein-production facilities. Consequently, when medical researchers consider it necessary to make a particular protein, they can rely upon cells to produce that protein for them. Unfortunately, a number of problems have been experienced because living cells are not very good sources of exogenous proteins, for some proteins are degraded and some are toxic, while other proteins are clumped into inclusion bodies comprised of insoluble aggregates."
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Toronto Biotech Companies, 2007.
A proposal for a research paper that will explore hi-tech and bio-tech industries in Toronto.
777 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
The paper's proposal describes a research paper that will examine Toronto's burgeoning hi-tech and bio-tech industries; where they are located, what they look like and where they rank internationally. The paper relates that the research will focus on Affinium Pharmaceuticals in addition to other companies. The paper explains that the research should bring an appreciation for how Toronto is making a name for itself in the bio-technology sector; a sector once felt to be chiefly the preserve of U.S. centers.
Outline:
Introduction
The What (and What They Look Like)
The Where
International Status
Methodology
From the Paper
"With a broad understanding of just what it is that different Toronto organizations do, the end research paper will explore the location of these companies. A quick perusal of one useful online map indicates that many of these organizations are indeed densely packed around the U of T (Biotechnology Ontario, "Toronto City Map", illus.1). At the same time, the fact those same organizations/companies are clustered in close proximity to the downtown financial core suggests they have wisely resolved to be as near as possible to the major financial houses and banks in the event that investment capital and loans can be secured. The final research paper will obviously spend some time looking at what enticements have compelled these various bio-tech competitors to "cram" themselves into the same small patch of real estate."
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Stem Cell Research, 2007.
This paper deals with the controversial issue of stem cell research.
1,393 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the issue of stem cell research has to do with a conflict between the need for scientific research on the one hand, and the moral issues associated with the sanctity of human life on the other hand. The writer discusses that taking human life is certainly reprehensible to most people's moral code, but there is also the issue of all the good that could come out of stem cell research, in terms of alleviating human suffering. The writer points out that the issue of funding stem cell research in the U.S.A. remains steeped in controversy and subject to severe restrictions. The writer concludes that if it continues and does one day yield almost miraculous cures, this might have an extremely positive impact on the US economy - but it might also yield even more complex moral issues, as to who gets to reap its benefits, and who does not.
From the Paper
"There is clearly a strong case to be made for this point of view. Harvesting stem cells implies that the embryo is denied the chance of growing into a human being, so it is clearly not to be taken lightly. On the other hand, proponents of stem cell research argue that in normal life, human eggs are frequently fertilized but fail to implant in the woman's uterus. Thus, a fertilized egg should not be seen as a human life, but only as potential human life - without the same rights and privileges of an actual human being. Apart from this theoretical point, proponents of stem cell research point out that in practice, the embryos utilized never had any hope of growing and being born anyway."
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Alzheimer's Dementia, 2007.
This paper discusses Alzheimer's dementia and looks at treatment by different drugs.
2,639 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that Alzheimer's dementia is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease that afflicts 5 million people in the United States and more than 30 million people worldwide. The writer looks at the four main drugs used in present therapy - Tacrine, Donepizil, Rivastigmine and Galatamine. These drugs are discussed in terms of their pharmacologic properties both individually and as a group. Memantine and the experimental use of tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors are also mentioned. The writer notes that Memantine has shown potential in the treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimer's dementia and may have more potency when paired with a cholinergic agent although trials have yet to determine this empirically. The writer notes that the implication of TNF is still under investigation, with pilot studies showing promise.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Problem
Purpose
Thesis
Research Questions/Methodology/Limitations
Review of Literature/Research Findings
Summary/Conclusions
From the Paper
"Alzheimer's dementia is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that is primarily characterized by global atrophy of the cerebral cortex, with a relatively large proportion of neuronal loss in the CA1 and CA2 zones of the hippocampus and the nucleus basalis of Meynert. Cognizant with this are the clinical manifestations of the disease, primarily a gradual onset of forgetfulness, expressive and receptive aphasia, visuospatial disorientation, apraxia and behavioral changes. However, the academic "classical" symptomology of this disease is often irrelevant in the acute clinical setting as the symptoms are often missed as components of dementia or dismissed as manifestations of ageing. Even if these changes are detected early, the progression of Alzheimer's dementia is relentless."
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Transforming Growth Factor (TGFa) Signaling Pathway, 2007.
This paper is an article review of the research by Z. Xaio, X. Liu, YI Henis, and HF Lodish entitled 'A Distinct Nuclear Localization Signal in the N Terminus of Smad 3 Determines Its Ligand-Induced Nuclear Translocation'.
850 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that transforming growth factor TGFa is one member of a large family of proteins that are secreted from different types of cells and regulate growth, differentiation and development. The author points out that the binding of TGFa to its receptor on target cells initiates a series of events that result in changes in gene transcription of specific genes. The paper describes the reported experiment and concludes that its results provide added information to the current knowledge base on Smads, Growth Factor - signaling and the translocation process.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Aim of the Research Study
Experiments Performed
Results
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Xaio et al. (2000) performed their experiments on Smad 3 and Smad 4 protein structures that they cloned in a laboratory. This was the beginning of a long chain of events that allowed for assessing the reaction of the proteins before and after transaction . A group of control/stable cell lines was also used to transect the various GFP Smad proteins and constructs. Smad3 and Smad 4 proteins were also exposed to site-directed mutagenesis in order to mimic Smad 4's variation of Lys to Glu. Florescent microscopy was utilized to photograph the cells throughout the process before and after transaction."
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