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Prosthetics and Bionics, 2008.
This paper discusses developments in prosthetic technology and bionics.
730 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
The paper defines bionics as a cutting-edge joining of biology and electronics. The paper describes how organic structures or functions are replaced with electronic or mechanical ones. The paper demonstrates how bionic prosthetics have emerged in numerous real-world applications and practical examples.
From the Paper
"Prosthetic technology has advanced enough in recent years that it can be legitimately referred to as bionics. Bionics can be best thought of as a cutting-edge joining of biology and electronics. Organic structures or functions are replaced or substituted with electronic or mechanical ones (Rockets, 2006). This can be done in order to compensate for a physical deficiency--such as an amputation--or even to augment existing abilities--such as providing enhanced strength. By and large, however, research into the practical applications of bionics has been limited to hospitals and universities where the focus is compensation for physical maladies."
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Mars: Not Exactly Home, but Better Than Venus, 2008.
This paper looks at different planets and focuses on Mars as the most preferable option for sustaining human life after planet earth.
1,696 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the solar system is a unique combination of many different types of planets, which has many different things that it can offer to humans. However, the the writer points out, planet Earth offers the most beneficial climate and diversity for human life. The writer notes that many of the other planets are entirely devoid of life. The writer discusses that despite the fact that there are eight planets in our solar system, only Mars (other than Earth) seems to be capable of containing human life at all. The writer maintains that Mars has many of the requisites that are needed to sustain human life, such as the possibility of water, small amounts of oxygen, and a possibility of life. The writer concludes that if humans were to ever colonize another planet in the solar system, Mars would be the most intelligent choice.
From the Paper
"Apart from the cold at its poles (which is far more extreme than Earth's), Mercury shares very little in common with Earth. It would be very difficult for humans to inhabit Mercury. The temperature extremes, the lack of water, and the lack of a protective atmosphere would quickly decimate human life attempting to live there. Current space craft could succeed in landing humans on Mercury, but it is unlikely that there would be a way to maintain proper oxygen levels for survival.
"Venus is another planet that is very inhospitable. Yet, for several reasons, it is known as the sister planet to Earth: Venus is similar to Earth's size (95% its diameter, 80% of its mass. Both planets do not have many craters, which points to young surfaces."
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Popular vs. Scholarly Scientific Writing, 2007.
This paper compares popular and scholarly scientific writing by using articles on the possibility of atavisms or evolutionary throwbacks.
1,210 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the examination of a popular press article and another article from a scholarly journal reveals some fundamental differences in the ways in which the authors and the publications pursue the specific question of atavisms and the general matter of science. The author points out that, whereas the scholarly articles are cautious, highly specific and backed by applied research, the popular press discussion of atavisms is written with more attention to capturing and retaining the interest of the reader. The paper states that popular articles tend to do a better job of contextualizing the scientific data being presented and the implications of the research being conducted. The author concludes that both of these types of science writing have their place although each would benefit from incorporating techniques from the other.
From the Paper
"To counter this historical attitude, Le Page (2007) presents a series of recent studies and findings on the subject that indicate that evolutionary atavisms can take place, if only rarely and under certain circumstances. The examples used are always specific and detailed, and the author attempts to provide a human context for research with direct quotes from researchers and reactions from the public and scientific community. Once Le Page sets up this division, the conflict of the article between accepted biological wisdom and new, contrary evidence, he can start to present possible solutions."
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The Extinction of the Dinosaurs, 2008.
An analysis of whether or not dinosaurs could have become extinct because of the biblical flood.
2,071 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the extinction of the dinosaurs and assesses the validity of the arguments put forward by creationists in favor of a biblical explanation for their demise. In particular, the paper discusses whether or not it is plausible to believe that the extinction of the great beasts was occasioned by the flood of the story of Noah's Ark. The paper looks at the biblical time-frame and explores whether or not dinosaurs and humans could possibly have existed contemporaneously. Finally, the paper looks at the plausibility of a great Ark existing and at whether the biblical flood could have ever taken place. The paper concludes that there is just enough evidence available for it to be unwise to dismiss the biblical explanation for the demise of the dinosaurs.
From the Paper
"For one thing, critics of the Ark thesis state that supporters of its existence - such as John Woodmorappe - fail to consider how some creatures ostensibly not on the life-saving vessel (terrestrial snails, to cite one example) could have survived the relentless deluge. Further, critics charge that animals and other living beings which managed to survive the Flood could not possibly have been cared for adequately in any Ark - no matter how big. For instance, those who favor an evolutionary explanation for the earth's past (which necessarily means dismissing biblical accounts of why some creatures persisted into the modern age while others died out) point to the apparent logical improbability of being able to house, feed and sustain thousands of different species in a cramped, confined area; as far the critics are concerned, the example of modern industrial farming simply does not suffice as an explanation for how such an enormous task could have been undertaken (Morton, para.4-5)."
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Destruction of Rainforests, 2008.
This paper discusses the environmental problem of the destruction of the rainforests.
1,046 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer maintains that the destruction of the tropical rainforests is one of the biggest global environmental problems that one faces today. Although the rainforests are 'local' and confined to certain areas of the world, their destruction is, nevertheless, a global problem, and this is so for several reasons. The writer explains that first, the rainforests are the lungs of the planet. They absorb carbon dioxide and produce oxygen. Rainforests are also sinks, storage reservoirs of natural substances, in particular of carbon. Finally, the writer notes that rainforests are the only habitats of literally thousands and thousands of plant and animal species. The writer discusses that mist developing countries are attempting to improve and develop their economies and deal with population growth and the rainforests represent valuable natural resources and opportunities for export and foreign revenues. The writer concludes that deforestation can be fought by taking into consideration a broad range of issues and applying a broad range of policies and the sustainable management of forestry as well as agriculture. Further more conservation targets must be set, not just for the rainforests but also for the protection of the species diversity they contain.
From the Paper
"Industrial development is also the reason for deforestation in the Amazon, as the region contains mineral deposits of gold, diamonds and other minerals as well a huge supply of fresh water that could potentially supply much hydroelectric energy. Mining is an environmentally devastating economy in itself and requires additional clearing for road or rail development in order to transport the mined minerals. A cattle ranching is also a source of deforestation exclusive to Latin America, although according to Myers it has been on the decrease. One of the ways to deal with deforestation in the Amazon is to focus on more sustainable means of agriculture and less destructive logging methods as well as reforestation. Extractive reserve is an example given by Chasmer and Perry-Globa, (1998) for a way for more sustainable economic development of the Amazon. Rubber tappers collect small amounts of latex from rubber trees each day, which they sell. The trees are not destroyed. These activities can be extended to other forest products in the Amazon: nuts, fruits and vegetables. However, the biggest problem with preserving the rainforest I countries such as Brazil is the fact that these countries must balance conservation with the need for economic development and foreign capital."
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Aids As a Man-Made Virus, 2008.
This paper looks at Aids and examines the possibility of its existence as a man-made virus.
1,539 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that in the 1980s it became apparent that AIDS was present throughout the social order and that a disease that had the potential of destroying mankind had finally emerged. AIDS was initially thought to be the result of homosexual encounters, drug addiction or connected to different social cultures in some manner. The writer points out that by 1983 a vast number of theories began to be published that suggested that AIDS was a man-made virus that was intended to control both the world's population and the population of specific cultural groups. However, as time progressed it became evident that AIDS was also emerging in the heterosexual population, providing evidence that AIDS was non-discriminatory with regard to race or sexual orientation. The writer concludes that regardless of the social groups that were targeted or the people that were ultimately affected by the virus, the fact remains that there are those within the social order that have too much power over their fellow human beings and that their insistence of controlling mankind may lead to the complete destruction of all people.
From the Paper
"The theories cite different methods of creating the virus, as well as varying means of ensuring that it was spread throughout the population. What is evident, however, is that the timeline in each of the theories for the development and dispersement of the virus remains the same and that there is nothing related to the composition of the AIDS virus that could have been created by anything other than man. Therefore, regardless of the choice of man made AIDS theories that are accepted by individuals within society, it is apparent that the evidence overwhelmingly demonstrates that people within the social order had a hand in the existence of the most frightening disease known to man - AIDS.
"Douglass contends that the evidence that AIDS is a man made virus is overwhelming. Douglass cites a memorandum from the World health Organization (WHO) in which WHO officials called on scientists to discover if there could be a man made virus that would have the same effect on the human race that species specific virus' had on some animals."
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Child Asthma Treatment, 2008.
This paper discusses recent treatment trends in chronic childhood asthma.
1,300 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases of childhood. The writer maintains that treatment is based on as many factors as possible and also is based on a holistic view of the child since asthma may be a possible risk factor and linked with psychosocial development. The writer points out that assessment must be focused on what triggered the asthma episode, and treatment is always aimed at control, but control denotes giving the child long-term control over his/her life. The writer concludes that treatment for asthma is on a continuum and is aimed at control or management.
Outline:
Introduction
Asthma as a Current Issue
Pathophysiology of Asthma
Treatment
Summary
From the Paper
"Treatment of asthma is not directed at cure but at control. Control of asthma leads to reduced and infrequent symptoms and allows the child to have an active life as well as quality of life. The optimal management of asthma requires adequate evaluation of the child and his or her environment. Asthma control is achieved through assessment based on specific criteria. The nurse practitioner must be able to identify the symptoms of asthma accurately because symptoms often are mistakenly prioritized. Wheezing, for instance, is commonly regarded as the most common characteristic of asthma. However, coughing is present even in hidden asthma, and frequent coughing or respiratory infections indicate the likelihood of asthma. Coughing which follows running or crying may indicate asthma as well as a recurrent night cough. Recurrent night cough is common, as asthma is often worse at night. Chest tightness and shortness of breath are symptoms of asthma that may be observed alone or in combination with other symptoms. Other common symptoms are nasal flaring, fatigue or irritability."
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Time of the Day, 2008.
This paper discusses the importance of the time of day as it relates to research in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
884 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer maintains that developers of research designs need to take all relevant processes into account if their results are to have validity. The writer notes that many researchers conducting functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tests fail to take the time of day into consideration. The writer points out that this can lead to error given that cortisol levels are different throughout the course of a day. This is important because cortisol can cross the blood-brain barrier and bind to receptors in the hippocampus and frontal lobe. The writer explains that this can then have an impact on the neural activation/deactivation process, meaning the BOLD (blood oxygen level dependent) in the MRI study and produce results that will not be properly interpreted unless the time of day is included as a variable.
From the Paper
"Higher levels of cortisol are associated with stress, and cortisol levels vary throughout the day just as levels of stress will vary throughout the day. Because cortisol can cross the blood-brfain barrier and bind to the hippocampus, levles of cortisol can have an effect on the neural activation and deactivation of the BOLD levels and so alter the results of the MRI. Time of day thus becomes an element in the process so that the clinician knows what time of day the examination was made and how high the levels of cortisol might be at different tiemns of the day."
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Darwinian Challenge to Aristotle, 2008.
This paper looks at the Darwinian challenge to the Aristotelian world view and discusses why it is taking so long to resolve.
1,700 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer notes that according to Aristotle, one of the greatest influences on the development of Western civilization, the natural world is unchanging, eternal and purposeful. The writer points out that this epistemology dominated Western civilization for the two thousand years leading up to Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. The writer discusses that Darwin's contribution was to make the theory public, to promote it and to provide extensive empirical evidence to back it up. At the heart of the theory is the revelation that nature is not immutable, but subject to change. The writer concludes that continued resistance is to be expected, but not to be overly feared; it is the inevitable death throes of an ideology that is giving way to one that is simply a fitter adaptation to the natural world and its demands on the human species.
From the Paper
"With evidence mounting at every turn and only minor modifications being made to evolutionary theory (thanks to work mainly in molecular biology) many in the scientific community are astounded that a strong current of anti-Darwinism still persists anywhere, let alone in a modern nation such as the United States. Religious fundamentalism and intelligent design proponents have challenged the Darwinian world view since it upset the Aristotelian roughly one hundred fifty years ago. The scientific consensus is strongly in favor of evolution and the empirical evidence support the claims of evolutionary biology. Why does a current of opposition to the Darwinian world view still persist? It persists because two millennia is a long time for a cultural meme such as the Aristotelian world view to become entrenched and self-supporting. The Darwinians shouldn't be surprised that there is still resistance to their position after more than one hundred years--they should be amazed that after such a short historical period, the Darwinian world view is successfully subduing Aristotelian resistance wherever it is found."
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Front Temporal Dementia, 2007.
A literature critique of front temporal dementia (FTD).
3,086 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 18 sources, MLA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the literature on the topic of front temporal dementia to see what has been investigated to date and what results have been found, as well as suggestions for future research and for new areas to explore, in order to refine the issue further and to gain more insight into causes, diagnosis, and treatments that might be effective. The paper examines the many aspects of FTD and points out the differences in onset and also in treatment. The writer believes that the discovery of the connection to mutations in the tau gene has opened up a wide variety of possibilities for further study, but notes that there are FTD subtypes that certainly do not have a link with the tau gene and may have a different cause and may also have to be treated differently.
Outline:
Introduction
Prevalence
Diagnosis
Chemical Processes
Therapy
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Front temporal dementia (FTD) takes place in those parts of the brain preferentially affected by the problem of dementia, which is itself caused by differing pathological processes leading to damage in the frontal and/or the temporal parts of the brain. These areas are largely responsible for such clinical manifestations as behavior, emotional response, and language skills. Damage in these areas can give rise to forms of frontal dementia and language disorders such as semantic dementia and primary progressive aphasia. This damage is linked to dysfunctions of the tau gene or tau protein and can lead to a classification based on specific clinical symptoms or particular lesions or even a mixed classification."
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