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Mars, 2002.
An exploration of the Martian terrain, with reference to the presence of water.
1,620 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper is introduces and discusses features of the Martian terrain suggesting that water, and possibly life, may have been present in the distant past or that water exists today under the planet?s surface. Conclusions about this suggestion are made at the end of the paper.
From the Paper
"The public?s fascination and with the red planet originated with Percival Lowell?s book, ?Mars,? published in 1895. Although Schiaparelli and others had discussed the possibility of Canals on Mars, Lowell?s drawings and his suggestion of intelligent life on Mars thrilled the public."
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The Race to Space, 2002.
Competition between the U.S. and U.S.S.R. in the "race to space" in the 1960s.
2,695 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with a brief look at the history of the relationship between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. It then discusses the roots of rocketry and the birth of modern rocket science. A discussion of the race between the two nations to put a human being into space during the 1960s follows.
From the Paper
"The contest for space explodes into life within the saber rattling environment of the nuclear age. Near the end of the 1950s, the cold war had escalated to frightening proportions. Both countries maintained enormous stockpiles of nuclear and conventional weapons. The United States developed its deterrence based on long-range bombers. By 1955 the US Air Force had ?580 B52s, and 1500 B-47s,?(NASA) all 2080 aircraft capable of delivering nuclear weapons. In 1955, the United States Navy launched the world?s first nuclear submarine. By 1960, the US had over 18,000 nuclear weapons in its arsenal, and developed the liquid fueled Atlas and Titan Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM)."
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Exosolar Planets, 2008.
The paper is an examination of exosolar planets - planets not of our solar system.
890 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
The author of the paper examines a relatively new area of astronomy, exosolar planets of which some 330 have been discovered since 1989. The writer begins by explaining how these planets are detected given their vast distance from our solar system. The author then continues to discuss some of the characteristics associated with exosolar planets and finally gives his opinion regarding attempts to postulate what conditions might prevail on these exosolar bodies.
From the Paper
"Stars are composed of many different types of elements. If a star has a metal such as iron in its composition, it is referred to as the star's metallicity. The higher percentage of the star's composition that is metal correlates with the likeliness of that star having a planet orbiting it. Of the planets so far discovered, the eccentricity of a exosolar planet's orbit ranges anywhere from a near perfect circular orbit to 0.927. But most of the planets tend to have very eccentric orbits while planets in our Solar System tend to follow more circular orbits of eccentricities less that 0.05. This is an indication that our Solar System may be unusual."
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Was the Apollo Moon Landing a Conspiracy Hoax?, 2008.
A look at the possibility that the first landing on the man was an elaborate hoax pulled off by the US Government.
1,946 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 17 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses what has come to be known as 'possibly the greatest hoax the U.S. government has conspired' - namely the first man landing on the moon. The author reviews the facts surrounding the issue together with a literature review of those that claim it was all a hoax.
From the Paper
"Let's rewind, back to the year, 1969. This was the year that the "globally accepted" American heroes, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin made history. Two astronauts were the first humans to land on the moon. The excitement was watched worldwide as the American flag was inserted into the surface of the moon. The words declared in 1961 by John F. Kennedy had prevailed. "I promise America.... America will land on the moon by the end of the century!"(Braeuing). The United States has defeated Russia (formerly known as the USSR) on the race to the moon. As people reflected about the great technological advances, one thought was forgotten. Can all of this really be realistic? Could America really accomplish an achievement that seemed flawless? Let's read in between the lines, and take a deeper look into reality. This can possibly be the greatest hoax the U.S. government has conspired. Open your eyes to an Apollo moon landing conspiracy theory. "Houston, we have a problem!"
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Carl Sagan, 2008.
A review of one of the most famous scientists of all time, Carl Sagan.
1,074 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how Carl Sagan revolutionized how the world looked at space and the search for intelligent life beyond our planet. The paper talks about Sagan's popular PBS television series "Cosmos" and his novel "Billions and Billions", specifically focusing on the chapters on abortion, religion and science.
From the Paper
"Born in 1934, Sagan grew up in a working-class Jewish neighborhood of New York and attended urban public schools in New York and New Jersey. The University of Chicago provided him scholarship support when he entered in 1951, and he continued there for graduate work, receiving his doctorate in astronomy in 1960. After two years as a postdoctoral in biology at Berkeley and Stanford, he joined the Harvard College astronomy faculty as Assistant Professor until 1968 and then moved to Cornell University to become Professor of Astronomy and Director of the Laboratory for Planetary studies."
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A Study of Unidentified Flying Objects, 2005.
This paper examines the phenomena of unidentified flying objects.
3,120 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that one of the more curious unexplained phenomena of our age is the continuous sightings of unidentified flying objects. The writer points out that unidentified flying objects (UFOs) have been sighted since ancient times and are still sighted each day. Some believe that the UFO phenomenon has something to do with everything from the pyramids to the beginning of life on this planet. Others insist that the entire idea is ludicrous and every sighting can be explained as either a hoax or as a result of "natural" causes. The writer discusses what actually classifies as a UFO and notes that one way of looking at this is to classify UFOs as anything that takes flight that is unidentifiable at the time. The writer maintains that the problem remains that numerous sightings do not fall into these categories and remain in the realm of the unexplained.
From the Paper
"Like many in the private sector, the government sightings are far from all being the same. On February 15th, 1965, a United States Air Force captain stared upward into the sky and, to his amazement, saw three enormous, oval-shaped objects. In 1953, while running the initial tests on a new tracking device, US Air Force operators were astonished to pick up a gigantic object orbiting near the equator. Some type of huge, unknown object was circling the Earth some six hundred miles out. Another, this sighting on May 5th, 1954, depicts a military that is not sure what they are dealing with ..."
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Gamma-Ray Bursts, 2006.
This paper defines and analyses gamma-ray bursts.
1,316 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that about once a day, somewhere in the universe a burst of gamma rays appears as if out of nowhere. It lasts a very short time, no more than a few seconds, and then disappears. The writer points out that during the event, the level of radiation from the gamma-ray bursts is so high that it overwhelms any other gamma rays coming from other cosmic sources. It has also been observed that most gamma-ray bursts have an afterglow in the x-ray, and sometimes even optical, wavelengths ranges. The writer maintains that the research into gamma-ray bursts will continue until their nature is finally understood. The writer concludes that while this research goes on, the accumulated information and the intermediate hypotheses are already helping astronomers and cosmologists to better understand the universe, particularly the time when it was just beginning to form.
Outline:
Definition and Description
Research Goals
History
Analysis
Future Research
From the Paper
"Despite the inconsistent nature of these bursts, some patterns have been identified. One prominent distinction is between long and short bursts, those over 2 seconds and those less than that. Analysis of almost 2,000 gamma-ray bursts recorded by the BATSE device on the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory between 1991 and 2000 showed that each falls into one of two groups: the short bursts have closely-spaced high-energy photons; the long bursts' photons appear to have lower energy and are more widely spaced.
"Another pattern that was discovered is related to the degrees of brightening and fading that the bursts exhibit over time in various channels of the measured energy spectra over the life of the burst. This analysis showed that different bursts release their gamma rays at different rates in different energy spectra When plotted, these variations manifested themselves as 5 distinct patterns: flat, crescent (or double-crescent), loop, lobe and island."
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Mars: An Evolving World, 2005.
An examination of the planet Mars as an object of our fascination, both past and present.
3,479 words (approx. 13.9 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the history of human observation of Mars, as well as the modern system of exploration and observation. The paper goes on to establish promotions and objections of future human development of Mars, as it would be accomplished through a process of terraforming.
Outline:
Physical Characteristics
History of Observation of Mars
Modern Martian Exploration
The 'Life on Mars' Debate
The Moons of Mars
Martian Geology
Terraforming Mars
From the Paper
"Mars, Ares, Tiw, the god of war; the red planet has been revered as the bringer or bloodshed with its red color in the sky, like the color of blood. The planet adjacent to Earth has been an object of mystery and wonder from the time the first human turned his head skyward, to the time when the first telescope was used to observe Mars and its mysterious "canals," to the present day, as humans continue to send spacecraft to the red planet to expand on existing knowledge."
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The Life of Isaac Newton, 2006.
This paper describes the life and achievements of Isaac Newton.
1,657 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The paper provides a detailed biography of Isaac Newton, including his major accomplishments and their impact on society. The paper discusses how he revolutionized science, physics and celestial mechanics. The paper relates that he has proved to be one of the greatest scientists of all times.
From the Paper
"Isaac Newton is recorded as being born on Christmas day in the year of 1642, though with our current Gregorian calendar, which was not adopted in England until 1752, his birthday would be January 4th of 1643. Newton was born in Lincolnshire at the Hamlet of Woolsthorpe, a manor house near Grantham. Newton was born prematurely and therefore was a small child. Newton was named after his father, Isaac Newton. Newton's father, an ill-educated farmer who owned property (which made him wealthy) but could not sign his own name, was a sickly man. He died three months before his son was born, in October 1642."
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The Planet Earth, 2007.
A look at Earth as compared to the other planets in our solar system.
1,957 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper examines why Earth is the only planet in our solar system capable of sustaining life and how it is the only planet that has plentiful liquid water and an atmosphere that can protect the planet from the harmful ultra-violet rays of the Sun. The paper attempts to determine what makes Earth so special by using comparative planetology to understand what makes Earth a habitat for life and what makes it so different from the other planets in our solar system.
Outline:
Terrestrial Planets
Jovian Planets
Conclusion
From the Paper
"If we were to look at Earth as a starting point to compare the other eight planets in our solar system, the first thing we notice from space is the magnificent blue color and swirls of clouds. This is an inviting sight and is the first hint at why life is found on our planet. Earth has many features that the other planets do not have. Earth has many features that make it unique. Earth is made of rock and metal. It is one of the four terrestrial planets and has the largest Moon in the solar system. Earth has abundant volcanic activity because of its size in comparison to the other terrestrial planets. With the abundance of water and oxygen, Earth's atmosphere stays in balance and is able to continue supporting life. The liquid oceans help to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and the presence of a stratosphere helps protect the surface from the deadly ultra-violet rays of the Sun. Another unique feature of Earth is plate tectonics. Plate tectonics acts as giant conveyor belt that moves the mantle of Earth around, which constantly changes the look of our planet. Although Earth's interior needs much more exploration, scientists can tell about the composition of the deepest regions of Earth by using seismic waves following an earthquake. By reading this seismic data carefully, scientists get a better understanding of interior Earth."
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