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Galileo and Darwin, 2002.
A look at the discoveries of Galilei Galileo and Charles Darwin and the controversies surrounding their theories.
1,226 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the discoveries of two famous men, Galilei Galileo and Charles Darwin, and compares the way in which their respective ideas were accepted in their ages of discovery. It discusses how Galileo's discovery of the telescope and subsequent proving of the solar system's existence, led him to be branded as a heretic. The paper shows how Charles Darwin's 19th Century book "On the Origin of Species" also caused him to be labeled a heretic, especially when he related his theory to the evolution of man. The paper shows how both Galileo and Darwin undermined the Catholic church and in the face of enormous obstacles, eventually led people to accept their theories.
From the Paper
Galileo Galilei once said, " All truths are easy to understand once they are discovered; the point is to discover them." Contrary to his thoughts, however, all truths are not easy to understand, and some are even harder to sustain. Upon his development of the telescope in 1609 Galileo was able to present empirical evidence to prove Copernicus' heliocentric view of the solar system. Regardless of his evidence Galileo met the same fate as his precursor as his findings were cast aside and he was labeled as a heretic."
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Pluto, Charon, and Planet X, 2002.
The history, search and discovery of the planet Pluto
2,145 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the history and the discovery of the nineth planet in the Solar System, Pluto, and its lone moon, Charon. The paper discusses various theories about what originally propelled astronomers to search for this mysterious planet, known as Planet X, and how its name Pluto finally came about after its discovery.
From the Paper
"John Murray, an astronomer from Open University in the U.K. proposes a theory in which two large objects may gravitationally affect the orbits of long period comets. These two objects would have to be about 32,000 AU from the Sun and extremely massive, about the size of Jupiter. John J. Matese of the University of Louisiana at Lafayette proposes a similar theory. His involves two to three Jupiter sized objects orbiting at about 2.3 trillion miles from the Sun. He says that their gravity is responsible for the deflection of roughly 25% of the known 82 Oort Cloud comets into the inner solar system. Matese says that these massive objects do not necessarily have to be planets; they may be undetected brown dwarfs ? undetected because the IRAS (Infrared Astronomical Satellite) of the 1980s was not sensitive enough to distinguish an individual brown dwarf against the galactic plane."
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Big Bang Theory, 2000.
An examination of the arguments attempting to support or discount the theory of the origins of the universe.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Background
The Big Bang Theory is an explanation for the beginning of the universe. The universe today is expanding, as can be seen in the way all matter is moving outward. Tracing this movement back through time takes all matter to a single point, leading to the view that at one time all matter was concentrated in a singularity which for some unknown reason exploded, throwing all material now seen in the universe outward from that central point. There are various corollaries to this theory, such as the issue of whether the expanding universe will continue to expand forever or will eventually reach an end point and fall back on itself. There are also various consequences of the Big Bang which can be used to determine if the theory has validity. A number of researchers have examined aspects of the Big Bang theory and developed ideas..."
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Black Holes, 2000.
A definition, creation of, theory, methods of discovery, observation and analysis.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Black Holes
Background
Many areas of astronomical research are inter related so that knowledge gained in one area causes a rethinking of other issues and provides evidence to solve old and new problems. One area of research that offers information useful to astronomers and physicists on many different issues is the search for black holes, an ongoing process that has been enhanced by the creation of the Hubble Space Telescope, and a central location for studying black holes is the Space Telescope Science Institute, the nerve center of the Hubble.
Black holes are theorized celestial bodies with a surface gravity so strong that nothing can escape from them, including light. If a star more massive than the Sun should undergo gravitational collapse at..."
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Psychology Of UfO', 1999.
Examines the psychology and mythology of the belief in UFOs as an example of irrational thought.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"INTRODUCTION
People tend to believe all sorts of non-scientific and paranormal concepts and to accept this belief without proof. A prevalent belief is that aliens from some other cosmic body have visited the earth, though there is no direct proof of such an event. Many see this belief as deriving from the prevalence of science fiction in literature, films, and television and from anxiety brought about during the Cold War era, but in fact some belief in alien beings can be found throughout history, though identifying these interlopers as aliens from another planet is more common today than to see them as demons or emissaries from heaven or hell (even though many people believe in visitations from both these realms as well). Psychologists have considered the source of irrational beliefs of all sorts, including a belief ..."
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Mars Pathfinder, 1999.
Examines the mission's success, purpose, cost, findings, technology, Sojourner rover and its future impact.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 11 sources, $ 79.95
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Abstract
The Mars Pathfinder Mission was an extremely successful venture, which has boosted the NASA Discovery Program and planet exploration in general. The data collected delivered some interesting surprises, but has contributed to our knowledge about the planet Mars and created basis for further study.
From the Paper
"Mars Pathfinder - Generating Useful Data and Goodwill
The Mars Pathfinder Mission was an extremely successful venture, which has boosted the NASA Discovery Program and planet exploration in general. The data collected delivered some interesting surprises, but has contributed to our knowledge about the planet Mars and created basis for further study.
The Mars Pathfinder mission was the second launch in the NASA Discovery Program. Missions falling under this umbrella are of short duration, three years or less, and relatively low cost at 150 million dollars. The specific mission of the Mars Pathfinder was primarily to provide an engineering demonstration of the key technologies and concepts which will eventually be used in future missions. The mission was to demonstrate a low-..."
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Supernovae, 1999.
Examines dying stars, their causes, effects, theories and the example of SNV 1987A.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 15 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine the phenomenon of supernovae. The plan of the research will be to set forth the context in which supernova observation and study have emerged in recent years, and then to discuss difficulties associated with supernova definition, study, and understanding, with reference to studies that have been undertaken regarding supernovas in general and the supernova known as SNV 1987A in particular.
On February 23, 1987, a truly cosmic event occurred--or more exactly was found to have occurred. Telescopes in New Zealand and Chile observed what was called the "brightest and closest" supernova to earth since "Kepler's supernova" in 1604 (Rensberger A7; Cowen 120). This was front-page news because telescopes had witnessed the event (marked by uncommon brightness), the historic proximity of the event to earth, and the fact that the initial ..."
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Mission To Mars, 1997.
Discusses the underlying questions surrounding a manned mission to Mars. Examines whether there is sufficient technology in existence, what kinds of data can be expected, what sorts of problems can be anticipated and whether it is important.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 31.95
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From the Paper
"Manned Mission to Mars
Ever since the Sojourner began sending back video images from Mars, a renewed interest in the possibility of a manned mission to Mars has occurred. Such a plan as a mission to Mars raises all sorts of scientific, technical, and philosophical questions that this analysis will attempt to deal with. The main questions covered will be: 1) is there sufficient technology right now to handle such a mission? 2) is it important? 3) what kinds of data can it be expected will be returned? and 4) what are the problems of such a mission?
Is Technology Available
According the best data available, a manned mission to Mars is conceivable using the current technology resources available."
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Fluid Regulation in Weightless State, 1996.
Examines research studies & space flight experiments measuring body fluid changes for scientific & medical purposes.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 11 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
" Fluid Regulation in a Microgravity Environment
The extraterrestrial environment presents human beings with innumerable physiologic challenges. Astronauts engaged in space flight may experience alteration of their bodily fluids and electrolyte balance. Weightlessness generally causes a reduction in total fluid volume. In addition, there is typically a cephalad redistribution of the blood and other body fluids. This cephalad shift initiates a series of compensatory mechanisms, many of which involve hormonal fluctuations. Unfortunately, data collected from human subjects during actual space flight is rather scarce. This paucity has led to the use of various ground-based weightlessness simulations. Two important experimental techniques include the water immersion and bed rest methods. Unfortunately though, despite the considerable research.."
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"A Brief History of Time" ( Stephen Hawking ), 1996.
Critical review of theoretical physicist's explanation of theories of origin, structure & fate of universe.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 1 source, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
" One of the foremost theoretical physicists, of our time, is Stephen W. Hawking. He states, in the acknowledgments of his book, A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes, that the purpose of this book is to describe the "basic ideas about the origin and the fate of the universe . . . in a form that people without a scientific education can understand" (vi). Stephen Hawking does not give a clear thesis statement for this book. An implied thesis of this book would be that humans have always sought to understand how the universe was created and works; with continued development of the Grand Unified Theory (GUT), complete understanding begins to be possible. He poses the age old questions of: "Where did the universe come from, and where is it going? Did the universe have a beginning . . . what happened before then?" (1). Breakthroughs in physics and.."
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