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Volcanic Activity on Venus, 1992.
Examines evidence gathered from the spacecraft Pioneer Venus.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 8 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
"This study will discuss the evidence that there is volcanic activity on the planet Venus.
In fact, there is evidence both that there has been in the past considerable volcanic activity, and that there continues to be such activity. Pioneer Venus, the spacecraft which has been orbiting that planet since 1978, has been able to create a map of the geologic features of Venus with the use of radio waves and microwaves , and that map has clearly revealed "volcano-like structures" (Prinn, 1985, p. 46).
In addition, there is evidence that not only has there been volcanic action in the past, but that there is ongoing volcanic activity on the planet. That evidence comes in the form of a "thick, permanent layer of clouds" hanging over the planet, a cloud layer which prevented the direct camera sighting of the ..."
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"Space" by James Michener, 1991.
A critical analysis of the work on the origins and development of the U.S. space program and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"Space by James Michener deals with the United States' space program, from its earliest explorations with rockets after World War II to the Viking probes of the other planets in our solar system. As with all of Michener's books, Space is well-researched, and the reader can be educated about the many facts of astronauts and space shuttles while being entertained by the fictional characters that the author has created.
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has its birth as the second World War is concluding: Michener traces the steps of German scientist Wernher Von Braun (one of the "real" people in this book) and young rocket maker Dieter Kolff as they flee from Hitler's Nazi regime. Hitler had hoped that experts like Von Braun would provide instruments to help him win the war, but there was a defection, and Stanley Mott, an American..."
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Black Holes in Universe, 1990.
This paper contends that existence of black holes in the Universe is still theoretical because there are no measurable or observable phenomena.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 4 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"Black holes, sometimes called "collapsars," are a class of astronomical object which has attracted great attention both from astrophysicists and the general public in the past two decades. According to theory, if an astronomical body is large or dense enough, its gravitational escape velocity will exceed the velocity of light: thus no radiation from it can escape to the outside Universe. It disappears within an "event horizon." Such an object, from which not even light can escape, would seem to be undetectable, yet black holes are of great interest to astronomers and physicists. A number of indirect methods of detecting black holes have been proposed, and indeed a number of black hole "candidates" have been identified. However, black holes remain a theoretical construct, since no persuasive indirect observational evidence has been found that would rule ... "
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The Sun, 1990.
Origin, nature and physical features.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Except for the Earth itself, the Sun is the one body in the Universe in whose fate human beings are most immediately concerned. Its light and heat make life on Earth possible, and the steadiness of that light and heat over four billion years of Earth's history made it possible for that life to evolve and survive. This paper will be devoted to a brief examination of the Sun's nature, origin, major characteristics, and probable fate.
The sun is a star. It is often called an "average" star, though stars vary so much in size, energy output, and other characteristics that to call any star average is in a sense misleading. But the Sun is indeed roughly intermediate among the various classes of stars. The most luminous known stars are roughly a million times brighter than the Sun, while the least.."
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The Sun, 1988.
Discusses the origin, function, dynamics, sun spots, solar cycle, in context of universal creation and composition.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
" The purpose of this paper is to describe the origin, function, and dynamics of the sun, including sunspots and the solar cycle.
In order to describe the birth of the sun it is necessary to also discuss the origin of the universe and the formation of the solar system. For even though these happenings occurred billions of years apart, each one led to the formation of the other and they are all related. What makes this even more complicated is that throughout the history of man, there have been many theories concerning these astronomical occurrences, and there are still differing opinions among scientists. The most widely accepted and well-known opinions will be presented here."
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Halley's Comet, 1987.
Discusses discovery, composition, nucleus, 1986 passage, probes from Earth, tail, solar wind and general comet data.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 31.95
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From the Paper
"This paper will discuss Halley's comet using several current sources which deal with topics such as how a comet works, what causes the comet to be what it is, what new discoveries have been made and what research has been done or is being done on Halley's Comet.
Very recently has come the first unambiguous evidence of organic molecules in the nucleus of Halley's comet. The evidence from recent examination of the infrared spectrum of the comet shows emission by the carbon-hydrogen bonds of a solid in the dust grains surrounding the nucleus of the comet. The temperature of the dust is about 400 K.(a determination made by Giotto, the European comet probe), and yet the wavelength emissions match those observed from bacteria in the library. A dust analyzer on the Giotto shows that the dust is composed of (...)"
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Galileo, 1985.
This paper discusses the factors involved in the acceptability of Galileo's theories in science & theology.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Galileo is perhaps the first scientist, at least since the Greek Archimedes, to be well known to the general public.
He is famous partly for his real achievements in physics and astronomy, partly for legendary achievements (such as dropping cannon-balls off the Leaning Tower of Pisa), and partly for having been tried for heresy by the Inquisition and compelled to recant his belief, now universally accepted, that the Earth moves in space.
Only in the last few years has the Catholic Church officially "reversed" his conviction. Yet his ideas, in spite of the violent controversy they stirred and the official condemna-tion they brought him, came to be generally accepted by educated opinion within a few years after his trial. Why were these ideas, though pronounced heretical, so widely and quickly accept ... "
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Radio Galaxies, 1972.
This paper explanations and hypotheses for these radio galaxies.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"Cygnus A is the best known of the group of dumbbell galaxies. It consists of two nuclei in a common halo. It could be an extreme case of double galaxies. Galaxies are often radio sources.. Cygnus A is so-called because of the constellation in which it is located.. The galaxies at the center of radio star Cygnus A are photographed with the 200-inch telescope. These galaxies are practically at the limit of present optical observation. However, they are one of the strongest radio sources in the sky. Minkowski interprets Cygnus A as two galaxies, of about 100 billion stars each, in head-on collision - a catastrophe of tremendous magnitude. A different interpretation is that these two galaxies are the fragments of one original galaxy undergoing fission, that is, blowing apart in an explosion that must be just as violent as Minkowski's ... "
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The Black Hole: An Enigma of Time and Space, 2002.
An insight into the phenomena of the black hole.
3,696 words (approx. 14.8 pages), 22 sources, MLA, $ 102.95
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Abstract
This paper is an in-depth treatise on the subject of black holes (it does not contain any sophisticated math). A black hole is a region of space where matters collapses in upon itself toward an infinite density, thereby endlessly increasing its mass and gravitational pull. It details the evidence for their existence both theoretical and empirical and describes the debates concerning their fundamental nature (how they warp time and gravity). It evaluates theories by Einstein and Stephen Hawking as well as related phenomenon such as white holes and wormholes.
From the Paper
"Man has always looked into the heavens and questioned the nature of the universe around him. Through the science of physics he has created such seemingly basic and ubiquitous concepts as time, mass, weight, and gravity. Held to be absolutes, these conceptual building blocks allow him to define, categorize, and relate the objects he discovers in the vastness of space. And without argument, his definitions and equations intercalating these abstractions hold true - except in one specific locus of space. A region of mystery possessing infinite depth yet of finite size, detectable in space yet emitting no electromagnetic radiation, an enigma of nature that beckons to be resolved. An entity first described as a ?frozen star? but then later dubbed a ?black hole? by John Archibald Wheeler. What is this black hole?"
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The Case for Water on Mars, 2002.
Scientific analysis of some of the evidence pointing to the existence of water on Mars.
1,860 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the Viking landing missions on Mars twenty years ago and their tests for biological processes on the Martian surface. It looks at how a recent series of orbiting Martian missions has yielded a good deal of chemical and geographic observations from afar. The most exciting possibilities have come from the analysis and interpretation of Martian surface formations seen by these missions. The paper includes a detailed description of these formations such as outflow channels, seepage gullies and several others. In further searches for definitive findings, several missions in the near future will land on Mars and hopefully provide the best data yet. This paper details some of the discoveries made to date, the strongest arguments for water on Mars and what the future holds for Martian exploration.
From the Paper
"The thought of life on Mars has intrigued humans for centuries. As Martian astronomy has made incredible leaps in the past 100 years and many spectacular discoveries have been made, we are still not sure if life does or has ever existed on Mars. Over the last thirty years, as our knowledge of biological functions has increased, scientists have focused more and more on the existence of liquid water as the biggest single indicator of possible life. To that end, much work and controversy has surrounded man?s efforts to find evidence of that all important ingredient for the development of life on Mars."
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