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The University of Michigan Student Union Building, 2004.
An analysis of the architecture of the University of Michigan Student Union Building.
2,215 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the architectural features of the building. It discusses why specific features may have been built in a certain way in order to suit the student population that uses the building. It looks at the history of the building, as well as its current status.
From the Paper
"This is perhaps best evidenced on the University of Michigan Campus, in the form of the Michigan Student Union. This building is of particular interest, not simply because it is so well trafficked by students of the university. It is also of interest because it aspires to do so much, namely to provide a common nutritional, recreational, and functional gathering place for all students."
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New Modern Architecture, 2004.
A thorough overview of the trends in new modern architecture and which schools these trends originated from.
6,722 words (approx. 26.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 153.95
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Abstract
To consider modern architecture, this paper considers the various steps that have occurred. It begins with a consideration of the Congres Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM) architects and proceeds to Team X. This is followed by a look at New Brutalism and then leads to a look at the current state of architecture. This gives a view of the current state of architecture, as well as providing the context that allows the current state to be understood. From there, the paper looks ahead to the future of architecture and predicts what that future will look like, based on the trends that have been identified. The paper shows that architecture is ever-changing, while providing an overview of the changes that have taken place until now and the changes that can be expected to take place, leading to the future.
From the Paper
"Architecture will never achieve some perfect state where everyone accepts that the one best form has now been achieved. The reason for this is that what is considered best changes as people change. This aspect applies to architecture as much as it does to any other art form or any item produced in society. People in one generation may strive for a certain perfect form and they may even achieve it in their lifetime. However, even if they do, this form does not become the one perfect standard, never changing again. Instead, the next generation considers what has been created before and strives to achieve something. If architecture is considered as art, this is the same process that occurs with all other forms of art. For example, literature created centuries ago does not remain as the one perfect form for literature. Shakespeare?s work is still considered great, but the writers of today rarely create works similar to Shakespeare?s. Instead, they create works that reflect modern society, while possibly taking aspects of Shakespeare?s work and building on them. This creates a continual process of change, where one form grows into others. If architecture is considered as practical rather than artistic, it can be likened more to research-based developments. For example, the automobile was first developed in the early 20th century. Since that time, technical developments have seen it change considerably. These changes are also in response to changing society. For example, currently environmental issues are a social concern. For this reason, automobiles are beginning to develop with alternatives modes of fuel. Overall, this shows that architecture is like everything else in society, in that it will be constantly changing as society changes, while each generation will consider the works that have gone before it, assess them, make changes, and in doing so, continue the development of the field."
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French and Italian Rococo, 2004.
Examines the origins of the Rococo style in both France and Italy.
1,032 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper considers the origins of the 18th century Rococo style of art. It also considers the similarities and the differences in French and Italian Rococo styles, the changes that occurred as the style spread to Germany and Austria, and the end of the Rococo form of artwork.
From the Paper
"As is true of so much of artistic enterprise, Rococo art began as a reaction to what had come before it, and so it is impossible either to appreciate or to understand Rococo art without understanding at least in some measure the Baroque aesthetics that Rococo artists set themselves up against. While the Baroque covers a range of different sub-styles and competing schools, Baroque art (especially painting and sculpture) as well as architecture was distinguished by a general sense of vitality and an emphasis on creating the illusion of movement."
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Classicism, 2004.
A paper that discusses how Classicism manifested itself in the 18th century.
679 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 24.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly describes the cultural style of classicism. It then looks at how this style is portrayed in music, architecture, and art.
From the Paper
"In order to determine the 18th century?s manifestation of Classicism, it is important to understand what the term means. Classicism, or Neo-Classicism is used to ?characterize the culture of 18th-century Europe, and contrasted with 19th-century Romanticism (unknown, Classicism).? In ?art, music, and literature, it is a style that emphasizes the qualities traditionally considered characteristic of ancient Greek and Roman art, that is, reason, balance, objectivity, restraint, and strict adherence to form (unknown, Classicism).? Classicism is ?characterizing art in which adherence to recognized aesthetic ideals is accorded greater importance that individuality of expression (sunsite.unc.edu/wm/paint/glo/romanticism).? "
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The Great Mosque of Samarra, 2002.
This paper describes the Great Mosque of Samara (in present-day Iraq) on the Tigris River, which is the largest mosque in the Islamic world.
1,080 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that despite the Koran's strictures against sumptuousness and grandeur, the mosques are built with opulence and splendor. The author points out that early Islamic art offers a striking contrast to Christian art and architecture by the avoidance of religious symbolism found in Christian churches and art. The paper relates an additional feature of the Great Mosque at Samarra: the ziyadas, an outer enclosure or extension common to early Islamic mosques which surrounds the structure on the north, east and west sides but not on the qiblah wall (the wall in the direction of Mecca which Muslims face in prayer).
From the Paper
"On the north side of the Great Mosque stands a single, large minaret, a lofty tower surrounded by one or more projecting balconies from which the summons to prayer is cried by the muezzin. Yet with this particular minaret, the builders decided to shape it in the form of a ziggurat, a stepped, truncated pyramid based on Assyrian architecture reminiscent of ancient Mesopotamia. But the minaret at Samarra was most probably inspired by a certain kind of spiral tower of unknown purpose found in Sassanid, a dynasty of the Persian kings of the third to the seventh centuries in present-day Iran."
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Antonio Gaudi, 2002.
A study of the way in which Gothic architecture generally influenced the aesthetic principles of the modernist architect, Antonio Gaudi.
1,261 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how Antonio Gaudi?s architecture reflects many elements of Gothic architecture in its design and construction. It looks at how Gaudi?s choice of using Gothic architecture was not simply a choice that was motivated by some strange aesthetic reasoning. It shows, through an analysis of Gaudi's interpretations of his work, how, in fact, he choose Gothic and Islamic influences that represented the shade and elements of the traditional architecture of Catalonia at the time, which was overwhelmingly Gothic.
From the Paper
"Part of the reasoning for Gaudi?s choice of a Gothic style of architecture was due to influences beyond the purely aesthetic. To be certain, he had a great reverence for Gothic art and he appreciated some its most important ideas, especially those which dealt with the issue of monumentalism and the idea of the way the piece of architecture was perceived was more important than the regular formal design of the structure itself. However, for Gaudi, at this time, there was also a very sincere political element to the structure of his design as well. At this point, the region of Spain which he was from, Catalonia, was very much engaged in a nationalist revival and had desires to separate from the rest of Spain?indeed, citizens of Catalonia even speak a different language, Catalan, than the language, known as Castilian, which we normally think of as ?Spanish.?"
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Gothic Churches, 2002.
An essay comparing two Gothic churches in Italy, the Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome and the Church of S. Maria del Fiore in Florence.
1,572 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper examines two particular Gothic churches ? Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome and the Church of S. Maria del Fiore in Florence. Each church is examined for the combination of specific historical forces and styles, the building materials and techniques available to those who constructed them. It also looks at emblems that were used as meaningful symbols and the ways in which Gothic churches connect people to the divine within the Catholic Church in a way that helped people to transcend their daily lives.
From the Paper
"The church of Santa Maria Maggiore is no exception, for it is combination of specific historical forces and styles, the building materials and techniques available to those who constructed it and emblems that have been used as meaningful symbols of the ways in which churches connect people to the divine within the Catholic Church, as Kulterman (p. 12) argues."
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Frank Lloyd Wright, 2002.
A biography of the life, work and style of the architect Frank Lloyd Wright.
1,492 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Frank Lloyd Wright, an American architect who is widely-regarded as one of the most influential figures on 20th century design. It looks at how his 70-year career ushered in several important social and cultural dimensions to the field of architecture. It examines the design philosophy, influences and major achievements of one of the towering and most controversial figures of American architecture.
Outline
Biography
Influences and Principles
Major Design Styles
Innovations and Contributions
From the Paper
"Like his professional life, Wright?s personal life was also fraught with conflict and controversy. Wright married his first wife Catherine in 1889, and they eventually had six children. However, echoing his father's actions, Wright left his family in 1909 for Mamah Cheney, a wife of one of his clients. Although still married to Catherine, he returned with Cheney to Wisconsin in 1911, where the couple built a home and took up residence. In 1914, however, a servant murdered Cheney, her two children and four other people before setting the house on fire (Constantino 12)."
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Design Process of a Forty-Five Foot Sailing Boat, 2002.
An explanation of the design process used for building a ship, focusing on the technological aspects used in the design.
6,140 words (approx. 24.6 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 144.95
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Abstract
This research paper investigates the development of sailing boat design and construction, providing a selective study of the history of sailing boats including their use, design and construction and evolution. The paper then offers an investigation of the development of computer technology for design purposes, which shows how the accessibility of computer hardware and the availability of software are major factors that enable their use as tools to aid the design process. Finally, a summary is provided as to when, where and how computer technology have been used in the design process of the case study and an evaluation of the previously discussed information regarding the application of computer technology in the design process. This research supports the theory that computers are an essential element to modern ship design.
From the Paper
"Boats are a tool that must be of use to human beings. Boats were first developed in response to certain social needs and as these needs changed so did boats, their design and usage. Boats are primarily for the purpose of transportation of people and goods, no matter what the final intent of the people, the role of the boat is always transportation. The following overview will examine how the use of ships has changed over time and how the design of ships have changed in reopens to changing needs. New technology has undoubtedly had an impact on the design of ships. It is the combination of these factors that have led to the advances in shipbuilding that embody the art as is today."
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Oxford and Cambridge Architecture, 2002.
A comparative analysis of the architecture of Oxford and Cambridge University.
1,267 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how Oxford and Cambridge universities in the United Kingdom share many features, since Cambridge was built by students from Oxford. It considers the various prominent features of both universities in order to identify the similarities and differences. It also examines how both are great examples of different building styles over the centuries. It looks at how Oxford is the oldest university city in the UK, how it features wide streets and has more than 650 buildings listed for their historical or architectural merit. In contrast, Cambridge was not founded as a university city, but as a city of the Roman Empire, founded in 43AD by the Roman emperor Cantabrigensis. The first university was only built in 1134, although many of the fairly insignificant features of the city remained in place.
From the Paper
"Sir Christopher Wren was also involved in the building of the Sheldonian Theater. The classical theatre was Wren?s first large scale work. It opend in 1669, and was modelled on the roman theater of Marcellus. Robert Streeter painted the ceiling to give the impression of an open sky. The cuppola gives a view of the city?s spires. The theater is currently used for degree cermonies. Additionally, Encaenia, a ceremony taking place during the month of June, takes place here. During this ceremony the founders of the university are remembered, while famous and deserving people also receive honorary degrees. Concerts and lectures are also held here (Pictures of England, 2003)."
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