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Romanies: True Victims of the Holocaust, 2005.
The Romani involvement in the Holocaust is discussed along with their pre-war and post war treatment. Arguments are reviewed regarding their status as true victims of the Holocaust.
5,161 words (approx. 20.6 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 129.95
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Abstract
A thorough research paper that discusses the treatment of the Roma (Gypsies) during the Holocaust, and the controversy that surrounds the way they are remembered in the Holocaust. The paper details the Nazi logic leading to the Holocaust, the targets of the Holocaust and the arguments of the debate on whether or not Romanies should be considered true victims of the Holocaust.
Paper Outline:
Background
Leading up to the Holocaust
Nazi Logic
Targets of the Holocaust
The Holocaust
Treatment of Jews and Roma during the Holocaust
Post World War Two Treatment
Roma Minimization in the Holocaust
Holocaust Controversy
From the Paper
"Proponents of Roma exclusion as victims of the Holocaust point to the overall death rates as proof that the Roma were not targeted for total annihilation. Research by Brenda and James Lutz offers an explanation for the discrepancy in the number of deaths. They attribute the difference in death counts to location. Their research has found that in areas under direct Nazi control, Gypsies and Jews were eliminated in equal proportions. The difference in death counts are found in areas that were not under direct occupation by the Nazis. Fortunately for the Roma, the majority lived in such places were the government refused to cooperate in the Nazis plane to eliminate the Gypsies and Jews."
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Lodz, 2006.
A study of the city of Lodz from a Jewish perspective.
1,906 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper gives a detailed Jewish history of the city of Lodz from 1793 through to 1969. The paper provides statistics of the Jewish population and their growing influence on society in all realms of life, pre-war. It continues to give a detailed account of the plight of the Jews of Lodz through the Holocaust and its re-establishment, growth and finally its demise post-war.
From the Paper
"The first deportations were started in December 1940 and lasted until late June 1942. A total of 7200 men were sent to forced labor camps, most of them never to return because of the harsh working conditions there. Starting January 16, 1942, the deportee's no longer went to work at a labor camp, there were now being sent directly to Chelmno, an extermination camp. In the span between January and May 1942, 55000 Jews and 5000 Gypsies were sent to Chelmno. The Germans forced Rumkowski to create a list of candidates for deportation, he tried to plead with the Germans about how many people needed to be on it, but nothing prevailed. Between September 5-12 1942, a second deportation took place, this time the Germans just took anyone they wanted, not requiring a list from anyone."
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Holocaust Denial, 2006.
Argues that society should vehemently condemn those who deny the Holocaust.
1,577 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that Holocaust denial is just as morally corrupt as genocide, and for one to state that the Holocaust never occurred, is the same as to declare that genocide is morally permissible. A premise consisting of two parts is used in this paper to affirm that society should condemn those who deny the Holocaust. It shows, first, that one must establish the definition of genocide while using the method of comparison, then it can be confirmed that both contexts, ancient and contemporary, are in fact similar. Second, due to generic definition, a link between Holocaust denial and genocide can be illustrated; the paper shows that Holocaust denial perpetuates the same level of immorality as genocide. Therefore, through an analysis of the ethical issues of genocide and Holocaust denial, the controversial nature of ethics is reinforced in this paper.
From the Paper
"One of the first and most well-known publications denying the Holocaust was a 32-page pseudo-academic booklet originally printed in 1974 in England; it was called "Did Six Million Really Die". The booklet states that the concentration camps were contributions to a sort of "mythology" and it discards the Diary of Anne Frank as a "hoax" and claims Jews were not exterminated but instead emigrated from Nazi Germany by a "benevolent government". (Berg, BBC news) The booklet is an example of Holocaust denial and its publication should not be morally permissible. Many may argue that this booklet is an expression of free speech and to prevent its publishing is morally wrong. However, one must realize that there is a line between free speech and hate speech."
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Re-visioning Fascism in Bertolucci's "1900", 2005.
Looks at an historical re-visioning of fascism within Bernado Bertolucci's film "1900".
1,840 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the representation of fascism within the film medium of "1900". The paper looks at how films re-vision historical events and themes through close analysis of the portrayal of fascism in the film. The paper looks at Bertolucci himself, his views and beliefs and whether or not he challenges or advocates historical myths and assumptions.
From the Paper
"Bertolucci was born in Parma, Italy in 1940. His father encouraged his love of film, being amongst many things a film critic, and history professor , while his mother, whom Bertolucci described as "the most mysterious person in my life" , played a rather remote role within the family. Bertolucci has created a number of films, many enjoying commercial and critical success. Bertolucci's films often make political comments, furthermore 1900, despite being funded by two major American film companies ironically displays communist sentiment. 1900 re/visions the class struggle between the peasants and the landowners within 75 years of Italian history. This is captured within a four and a half hour long 'epic', exploring the relationship between two boys born on the same day from different class structures and foregrounding the rise of fascism and socialist resistance in Italy. Arguably film is the chief carrier of historical messages , being more accessible than novels or history books. However, film is perhaps the most problematic means of historical representation. Hollywood films attempt to make profit, thus they strive to entertain, win awards, and to a much lesser extent educate. 1900 is not a Hollywood film, and despite having big name actors , the film by no means follows typical Hollywood conventions. Historical films 're/vision' history; they transcend the 'linear, analytic and scientific' , and often move beyond absolute realism. They provide a vision which is subject to the value systems and motives of the filmmaker and the period in which the film was made. Through close examination of 1900, Bertolucci's revisioning of the understanding of Fascism is clearly displayed."
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Using Nazi Unethical Science, 2006.
This paper discusses the ethical question of using the medical information conducted by racist Nazi Germany.
2,600 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the ethicacy question is, that, although the means by which the science conducted during World War II by Nazi Germany is now considered unethical, the data produced is valid and should be available for analysis because the Nazi research, which was derived from human experiments, offers an unprecedented authenticity. The author points out that some people argue that, since the unethical crime had already been committed, the data should be used because its scientific merit is irrelevant to the manner in which it was obtained; whereas, others contend that the use of the tainted data is morally degrading to the victims of the Nazi-sponsored science. The paper concludes that this data should be used to improve the quality of human life only after paying respect to the victims and prolonging the memory of these events.
From the Paper
"The Nazi sponsored science encompassed a wide range of fields. Research on diseases such as malaria, gangrene, sulfanilamide, tuberculosis, and wound and poison effects were heavily pursued. Josef Mengele, a scientist, worked closely with twins, as he would often infect one with a deadly disease, and upon the arrival of death, murder the other and compare the organs of the twins. Many medical experiments were conducted to try and improve the survival of German pilots in the Luftwaffe (air force). These tests included prisoners being subjected to high heat, high-pressure as well as low pressure, and freezing mixtures. Often the inmates were tested "until they expired." The particular scientific endeavor that I will be focusing on is the Dachau hypothermia experiments led by Sigmund Rascher. The experiments were designed to find the most effective order in which to re-heat pilots who had crashed in the North Sea."
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The Holocaust, 2005.
This paper is a literature review to assess the way gender differences affected the victims of the Holocaust.
2,390 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the assumptions that (1) Holocaust victims received differential treatment based on gender (2) gender differences affected the victims' overall survival skills and coping mechanisms and (3) the unique hardships of each sex ultimately affected how they experienced the Holocaust. The author points out that Nazi policies, which stemmed from Hitler's racist and sexist ideologies, emphasized punishing Jewish women specifically for the crime of spawning the "anti-race" and humiliated them by forcing the women imprisoned in concentration camps to exist in tattered clothing, which barely covered their bodies. The paper concludes that gender variances experienced by victims of the Holocaust, help to better understand that, though all people are equal, gender does influence the type and the extent of treatment received from oppressing forces such as the Nazis.
From the Paper
"Aside from the variances in the types of violence men and women were subjected to, there roles within the ghettos and concentration camps often differed. Men were more likely to be deported to labor camps; the women typically lingered behind in the ghettos and struggled to carry on with domestic duties while attempting to secure enough food for the children, before they too were moved to concentration camps. Many women who were believed to be working against the best interest of the Third Reich were immediately executed rather than deported along with the men.Throughout this period of time, women also served as couriers and liaisons in resistance operations."
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Josef Stalin and the Birth of Soviet Russia, 2002.
A personal account of the rise of Josef Stalin and the effects on the Polish people through a first-hand, personal interview of a gulag survivor.
5,000 words (approx. 20.0 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 126.95
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Abstract
A detailed paper that outlines the history, rise, fall and death of Josef Stalin in Soviet Russia. It contains the first-hand account of capture and imprisonment in a gulag by the author's grandfather, a Polish citizen at the time.
Paper Outline:
The Man
The Ascendance
The Terror
The War
The End
From the Paper
"Iosif Vissarionovich Djugashvili was born December 21, 1879 in Gori, Georgia; a small agricultural town situated about one hundred miles east of the Black Sea. Iosif was the son of an alcoholic cobbler and a pious peasant woman. He grew up with no siblings, because the families' first three children had died shortly after birth. Consequently, young Iosif was treasured by his mother who made great sacrifices throughout her life for him. An extremely hard-working woman, Yekaterina Djugashvili worked as a domestic servant to augment her husband's meager earnings. However, even the parents' combined incomes were not enough to keep the small family above the poverty line."
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Logotherapy, 2005.
This paper discusses the concept of logotherapy as presented by Viktor Frankl's "Man's Search for Meaning".
1,120 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that logotherapy, "therapy through finding meaning" contains three basic beliefs: (1) Life has meaning under all circumstances even the most miserable ones; (2) the main motivation for living is the will to find meaning in life and (3) people have the freedom to find meaning in what they do and experience or at least in the attitude taken when faced with a situation of unchangeable
suffering. The author points out that Viktor Frankl developed the theory of logotherapy through the psychoanalysis of himself and other prisoners of concentration camps during the Holocaust. The paper reveals that Frankl observed that people are willing to endure any suffering, if they are convinced that this suffering has meaning; however, suffering without meaning leads to despair.
From the Paper
"Each person has to decide what attitude to adopt. An example from the book to describe this theory is found during their liberation. Frankl explained that some of the prisoners, now being free, thought they could use their freedom licentiously and ruthlessly. The only thing that had changed for them was that they were now the oppressors instead of the oppressed. They justified their behavior by their own terrible experiences. He describes walking across a field of green crops with his friend who trampled on the young crops and became annoyed because Frankl did not follow. He shouted, "You don't say! And hasn't enough been taken from us? My wife and child have been gassed - not to mention everything else - and you would forbid me to tread on a few stalks of oats!" "
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Rwanda: Genocide, 2005.
An overview of the horrendous genocide against the Tutsi tribe in Rwanda in 1994.
885 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a timeline of events and conceptual analysis of the events leading up to the genocide of the Tutsis by the Hutus in Rwanda in 1994. The paper examines causes of, as well as events which occurred during the genocide. It also looks at the reaction of the international community and what can be done in the future to prevent such a tragedy happening again.
From the Paper
"Many of the early requests and pleas for help were denied. There
was a peacekeeping force in Rwanda called the United Nations
Assistance Mission for Rwanda, but when Force Commander General
Dallaire became aware of the genocide and asked for soldiers and
logistical support, the UN Security Council refused and voted to
reduce UNAMIR down to 260 men. The international community did not
believe that they had any place or any reason to help in Rwanda.
Senator Robert Dole stated, "I don't think we have any national
interest here. I hope we don't get involved there." This was the
thought process of many government officials at this point."
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Life of a Hitler Youth, 2003.
A review of Alfons Heck's book "A Child of Hitler".
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 0 sources, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the book "A Child of Hitler" written by Alfons Heck. The paper presents Heck's story of growing up in Nazi Germany and his affiliation with the Hitler youth movement. The paper examines the author's childhood and education, focusing on the Nationalist instruction he received. The paper questions whether Heck was a victim of the Nazi regime, even though he was a part of it.
From the Paper
"In A Child of Hitler written by Alfons Heck, he tells a story of a young boy who grew up entirely in Hitler's Germany and was a fanatic until the day the Allied troops took him captured in 1945. Even then he did not want to believe the horrors of the holocaust and other brutality's of the Nazi regime. Heck blames his way of thinking on the Nazi propaganda machine and feels he was a victim just as the Jewish population. Alfons Heck is definitely a victim of the Nazi's. Now many people could not believe this because he was a member of the Nazi's and participated in their activities. However it is because he was in the Hitler Youth and followed every order that was thrown his way. A boy of six years of age in 1933 until 1945 when the Nazi's surrendered, which he was brainwashed with the Nationalist Socialist ideals and knew nothing better."
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